00:05 - 00:11
where do birds come
00:08 - 00:13
from and who were their
00:11 - 00:16
ancestors for a long time these
00:13 - 00:19
questions have remained
00:16 - 00:22
unanswered their family tree stopped
00:19 - 00:26
abruptly at the oldest known species a
00:22 - 00:28
fossil found in 19th century Germany
00:26 - 00:32
archaeopteris whose name comes from the
00:28 - 00:32
Greek for ancient ient
00:34 - 00:39
Wing but since
00:36 - 00:43
1996 thousands of animals Unearthed in
00:39 - 00:45
China have shed new light on the origin
00:53 - 00:58
birds this abundance of the discoveries
00:56 - 01:00
proves that most dinosaurs were not
00:58 - 01:02
covered in scales
01:02 - 01:07
feathers some of these feathered dragons
01:12 - 01:17
fly the extent of the Asian jigsaw
01:15 - 01:20
puzzle is so vast that it ties
01:17 - 01:26
modern-day Birds to remarkable distant
01:20 - 01:26
cousins and suggests a multitude of
01:31 - 01:37
during the Jurassic period between 200
01:34 - 01:41
and 145 million years ago the
01:37 - 01:42
supercontinent Pangia opened up creating
01:41 - 01:46
separate land
01:42 - 01:49
masses at the edges of this world China
01:46 - 01:51
and Siberia formed a huge Peninsula with
01:49 - 01:52
a temperate climate similar to that of
02:06 - 02:11
the breakup of the continents was
02:09 - 02:13
accompanied by volcanic eruptions
02:11 - 02:16
particularly in
02:13 - 02:19
China a paradise in
02:16 - 02:22
Waiting inhabited by strange
02:19 - 02:28
creatures like
02:30 - 02:38
meaning near bird this little dinosaur
02:34 - 02:38
is completely covered in
02:40 - 02:48
feathers the size of a modern day pigeon
02:44 - 02:48
anones is a long lost
02:48 - 02:53
relation the descendants of this
02:50 - 02:56
lightweight dinosaur survived better
02:53 - 02:58
than other large theropods a group that
02:56 - 03:01
includes all carnivorous
03:12 - 03:18
including Guan
03:15 - 03:22
Longs they are efficient Hunters 3 m
03:18 - 03:25
long and weighing 50
03:28 - 03:35
kg to escape anones was capable of short
03:33 - 03:39
gliding flights while its pursuer was
03:35 - 03:39
firmly stuck on the
04:03 - 04:12
and yet juong also had
04:07 - 04:12
feathers what were they used
04:39 - 04:45
erupting volcanoes spewing fine Ash and
04:42 - 04:49
noxious gases froze a moment of Jurassic
04:45 - 04:51
Life For Eternity helping us answer some
04:57 - 05:03
questions this dinosaur paradox has
05:00 - 05:05
become the feathered dinosaurs Pompei a
05:03 - 05:08
huge range of new species has recently
05:05 - 05:10
been discovered in one of China's many
05:08 - 05:10
construction
05:15 - 05:21
sites over the last two decades in the
05:19 - 05:24
Leaning region paleontologists have
05:21 - 05:27
collected thousands of specimens hidden
05:24 - 05:27
for millions of
05:32 - 05:37
these magnificent fossils are in a state
05:34 - 05:40
of almost perfect preservation thanks to
05:37 - 05:42
the mixture of extremely fine clay and
05:40 - 05:46
volcanic ash
05:46 - 05:51
sediment and those volcanic eruptions
05:49 - 05:53
kill the animal directly and they bu
05:51 - 05:55
their body so that's why we have so
05:53 - 05:56
beautiful skeleton and I include soft
05:56 - 06:02
preserved um so that's why we come here
05:59 - 06:05
here paleontologists shuing and his
06:02 - 06:07
colleagues from around the world can
06:05 - 06:09
trace the chaotic History of Flight and
06:07 - 06:12
feathers in these
06:09 - 06:15
rocks the feather preservation is really
06:12 - 06:17
amazing like detectives they examine the
06:15 - 06:18
clues to understand what feathers were
06:24 - 06:29
for and discover how some dinosaurs from
06:27 - 06:34
the theropod family turned of the course
06:29 - 06:34
of millions of years into
06:43 - 06:48
Birds the first piece of evidence in
06:46 - 06:52
their inquiry was discovered at the end
06:48 - 06:55
of the 19th century in
06:52 - 06:58
Germany towards the end of the Jurassic
06:55 - 07:00
period Europe was partly submerged under
06:58 - 07:02
a shallow body of water called the
07:06 - 07:14
sea about 150 million years ago Germany
07:10 - 07:14
was dotted with Tropical
07:19 - 07:26
Islands terrasaurs the first flying
07:23 - 07:28
vertebrates have dominated the skies for
07:28 - 07:36
years this is German
07:30 - 07:36
oais one of 150 species of terrasaurs
07:36 - 07:42
discovered these flying reptiles are not
07:39 - 07:44
dinosaurs a fine skin stretches over
07:42 - 07:47
their elongated fingers to create
07:44 - 07:50
leathery Wings this membrane along with
07:47 - 07:54
powerful muscles and hollow bones makes
07:50 - 07:54
them masters of the
08:15 - 08:21
but the terrasaurs aerial Supremacy is
08:17 - 08:25
about to be challenged by the very first
08:21 - 08:25
Birds such as
08:28 - 08:33
archaeopteris
08:31 - 08:36
A Primitive bird whose claws at the ends
08:33 - 08:39
of its wings raised suspicions amongst
08:47 - 08:53
paleontologists its fossils were found
08:50 - 08:55
around the modern German Town of sonan a
08:53 - 08:58
tropical archipelago during the late
08:55 - 09:00
Jurassic Period some islands harbored
08:58 - 09:03
salty lagoons where dying animals
09:05 - 09:12
scavengers and were buried by Soft mud
09:08 - 09:15
that preserved them in minute
09:20 - 09:28
detail Ard fry commonly known as Dino
09:25 - 09:30
fry is the resident
09:28 - 09:33
expert this is the famous solenhofen
09:30 - 09:35
laminated Limestone and you can actually
09:33 - 09:38
see the sediment stapled up like the
09:35 - 09:40
leaves of a book and inside the leaves
09:38 - 09:43
of this Rocky
09:40 - 09:46
book this is where archaeopteris was
09:43 - 09:49
found together with many other fossils
09:46 - 09:53
and uh it's a speciality of this rock
09:49 - 09:56
that it is very very very fine grained
09:53 - 09:59
and inside this mud fossils are
09:56 - 10:03
preserved like in a tin and this is why
09:59 - 10:07
this entire area is so valuable as a
10:03 - 10:09
window in Jurassic times the locals use
10:07 - 10:12
these stones to tile their houses in the
10:09 - 10:15
process uncovering highly prized
10:12 - 10:15
Treasures in the history of
10:27 - 10:31
paleontology in 1868
10:29 - 10:34
faced with the
10:31 - 10:36
archaeopteris British biologist Thomas
10:34 - 10:39
Henry Huxley asserted that this was a
10:36 - 10:41
transitional fossil between
10:39 - 10:47
reptiles and
11:03 - 11:08
a friend of Darwin and an Ardent
11:06 - 11:11
defender of the theory of evolution
11:08 - 11:14
Huxley was an expert anatomist capable
11:11 - 11:17
of skilled fossil analysis until the
11:14 - 11:19
year 1861 before archa Optics was
11:17 - 11:21
discovered the only creatures that were
11:19 - 11:25
known to have Fells were the birds so it
11:21 - 11:27
was apparent that this is a fossil bird
11:25 - 11:31
and Thomas haxley looked at it very
11:27 - 11:34
closely and he discovered signs that
11:31 - 11:37
this bird could also be a dinosaur
11:34 - 11:40
actually a carnivorous dinosaur and
11:37 - 11:42
actually shares characters of the two
11:40 - 11:44
making it a missing link between
11:42 - 11:47
dinosaurs and birds that was a sensation
11:51 - 11:57
time the darwinian idea of natural
11:54 - 12:00
selection is therefore very
12:07 - 12:12
Huxley had the insight to see that
12:09 - 12:15
archeops teeth clawed wings and bony
12:12 - 12:19
tail meant that it has similarities with
12:15 - 12:21
kognus Dinosaurs predatory relations of
12:27 - 12:30
velociraptors
12:34 - 12:39
Arch opter was certainly no
12:36 - 12:43
acrobat but it had
12:39 - 12:43
feathers and it could
12:46 - 12:52
fly its collar bones had already fused
12:49 - 12:55
together a vital step enabling the wings
12:52 - 12:59
to Flap efficiently and gain altitude
12:55 - 13:13
allowing it to hunt and nest in tre
13:21 - 13:26
trees throughout the 20th and 21st
13:24 - 13:30
centuries more Arch opter fossils were
13:26 - 13:30
Unearthed in Germany
13:38 - 13:42
this is specimen number 11 it's the
13:40 - 13:43
latest specimen and it came to light in
13:43 - 13:48
2011 and despite its fragmentary it's
13:46 - 13:51
not completely preserved because the
13:48 - 13:53
skull is missing it still shows us some
13:51 - 13:56
features which were previously unknown
13:53 - 13:59
one of them is that the tail end shows a
13:56 - 14:01
v-shaped feather configuration
13:59 - 14:03
and the second is that you can see in
14:01 - 14:06
this specimen the extent of the feather
14:03 - 14:06
travs along the
14:13 - 14:18
legs the feathers on its feet are
14:15 - 14:20
intriguing since modern Birds no longer
14:20 - 14:25
characteristic is this an
14:22 - 14:27
exception what is sure is that this
14:25 - 14:29
feature has not been selected by
14:29 - 14:35
just like this giant Marine reptile a
14:42 - 14:47
washed up on the shores of the Lagoon it
14:45 - 14:49
is a godsend for
14:47 - 14:52
archaeopteris the flies attracted by the
14:49 - 14:55
carcass provide a hearty meal for this
15:01 - 15:04
but being out in the open is dangerous
15:04 - 15:13
archaeopteris an opportunistic German
15:07 - 15:13
oaas sees the prospect of a protein Rich
15:19 - 15:26
meal and doesn't appreciate the
15:45 - 15:50
once the mightiest creatures in the
15:47 - 15:53
skies terrasaurs became extinct by the
15:50 - 15:55
end of the Cretaceous Period 65 million
15:53 - 16:00
years ago while Arch opter his
15:55 - 16:00
descendants grew in number
16:00 - 16:05
bogged down at the bottom of the son
16:02 - 16:07
hofen Lagoon this remarkable fossil
16:05 - 16:08
launched the debate on the relationship
16:07 - 16:11
between birds and
16:08 - 16:15
dinosaurs but with insufficient proof
16:11 - 16:16
this theory was shelled for more than a
16:20 - 16:27
years until New Evidence came to light
16:24 - 16:28
at the end of the 20th century in
16:33 - 16:40
1993 leaning a huge fossil deposit was
16:37 - 16:44
found dating from the Cretaceous Period
16:40 - 16:44
125 million years
16:46 - 16:53
ago this region formerly known as
16:50 - 16:56
Manchuria comprises fertile Farmland
16:53 - 16:56
with fields of corn and
17:00 - 17:03
farmers were the first to uncover
17:03 - 17:09
inadvertently in seun at the foot of a
17:06 - 17:14
cliff fashioned by volcanic eruptions
17:09 - 17:14
layers of gray mud alternate with red
17:25 - 17:31
Ash transported to Beijing the these
17:28 - 17:36
fossils allow 21st century researchers
17:31 - 17:39
new insights into the feathered
17:36 - 17:42
dragons like sinos or opter the first
17:39 - 17:42
discovered in
17:46 - 17:51
1996 this specimen remains a source of
17:49 - 17:52
Fascination for one of China's most
17:52 - 17:58
paleontologists shuing I remember
17:55 - 18:00
clearly as that time when this discovery
17:58 - 18:03
was was announced everyone got so
18:00 - 18:07
excited you know we know we are kind of
18:03 - 18:10
shocked the by the beauty of the fossil
18:07 - 18:12
if you look at this spacement closely
18:10 - 18:15
you see the feathers cover the whole
18:12 - 18:17
body along the over the head over the
18:15 - 18:21
back cover hold the tail a little bit
18:17 - 18:24
hair also I mean limb basically feathers
18:21 - 18:27
are quite a simple they are more like
18:24 - 18:29
your hair before this discovery uh some
18:27 - 18:30
penologist believe
18:29 - 18:33
some bird like dancers should have
18:30 - 18:36
feathers but but now we have real
18:33 - 18:38
evidence so that's totally
18:36 - 18:41
different the discovery of this feather
18:38 - 18:44
covered fossil was astounding for the
18:41 - 18:47
first time they had found a dinosaur
18:44 - 18:51
with Aven characteristics proof that
18:47 - 18:51
they were part of the same
19:00 - 19:03
in Conifer forests growing in the shadow
19:03 - 19:08
volcanoes lived cusur
19:06 - 19:12
opter it belonged to a group of
19:08 - 19:12
carnivorous dinosaurs called
19:16 - 19:22
theropods these Predators use sight and
19:27 - 19:35
hunt one of its favorite victims is
19:30 - 19:35
Zango terium one of the first
19:39 - 19:46
mammals cusur opter feathers looked like
19:42 - 19:48
the down covering modern day
19:46 - 19:51
chicks they are so different from bird
19:48 - 19:55
feathers that for a long time Skeptics
19:51 - 19:55
dismissed them as mere
20:07 - 20:14
in 2010 shuing focused on sinos or
20:11 - 20:17
opterus his strange feathers which
20:14 - 20:20
looked like the down covering modernday
20:17 - 20:23
chicks he began with careful observation
20:20 - 20:24
of these feathers by taking a sample and
20:23 - 20:27
putting it under the
20:24 - 20:30
microscope scientists discovered
20:31 - 20:38
pigments these are mosomes cells that
20:35 - 20:39
give feathers their color shushing
20:38 - 20:43
discovered circular shapes that produce
20:39 - 20:45
a brown pigment and stick-like shapes
20:43 - 20:48
that create a gray
20:45 - 20:51
color he deduced that sinos orop was the
20:48 - 20:54
color of a squirrel with lighter stripes
20:51 - 20:58
on its tail but that's not all we can
20:54 - 21:01
use Malon to infer the color but more
20:58 - 21:04
importantly for us we want to use that
21:01 - 21:07
information to support the hypothesis
21:04 - 21:09
that those dark impression in this
21:07 - 21:12
particular spacement are Proto feathers
21:09 - 21:15
not something else because if mamone are
21:12 - 21:17
present we can see quite confidently
21:15 - 21:20
those are primitive
21:17 - 21:23
feathers sinus or opter was undoubtedly
21:20 - 21:26
covered in feathers but this land animal
21:23 - 21:26
was incapable of
21:32 - 21:37
so what use was this Dino
21:34 - 21:41
F did it protect this warm-blooded
21:37 - 21:43
animal from the cold possibly but this
21:41 - 21:46
theory is not easy to
21:48 - 21:55
prove to learn more about the climate in
21:51 - 21:58
leoning during this period shuing teamed
21:55 - 22:00
up with a laboratory in France this
21:58 - 22:03
therapod tooth brought back from China
22:00 - 22:06
by geologist Roma AMU holds the key to
22:03 - 22:08
this meteorological
22:06 - 22:10
mystery a lot of researchers thought
22:08 - 22:12
that fossils from that time couldn't
22:10 - 22:15
preserve the weather conditions recorded
22:12 - 22:16
during the animals lifetime it was a big
22:15 - 22:18
challenge we were going to test
22:16 - 22:21
something unknown could we find out
22:18 - 22:24
climate information or
22:21 - 22:28
not in a sense we contest the water that
22:24 - 22:29
the dinosaurs drank a chemical reaction
22:28 - 22:32
with the oxygen preserved in tooth
22:29 - 22:36
enamel reveals the temperature of the
22:32 - 22:38
atmosphere 120 million years ago Roma
22:36 - 22:41
made a major discovery that radically
22:43 - 22:47
preconceptions at that time there was a
22:45 - 22:49
global climate that was similar or a
22:47 - 22:51
little colder than current temperatures
22:49 - 22:52
which is very different from what we
22:51 - 22:56
thought about the period of the
22:52 - 22:57
dinosaurs that we had imagined as hot
22:56 - 22:59
tropical and the same throughout the
23:00 - 23:05
well Ying is the climate was similar to
23:03 - 23:08
what we have in the north of France with
23:05 - 23:10
very harsh Winters so dinosaurs would
23:08 - 23:12
have seen snow in
23:10 - 23:15
winter so feathers were an insulating
23:12 - 23:17
material it meant they could keep warm
23:15 - 23:20
and keep active throughout the year like
23:17 - 23:20
any other warm-blooded
23:23 - 23:28
animal coincidentally just as Roma
23:26 - 23:33
published his research the discovery of
23:28 - 23:33
large siiz dinosaurs confirmed his
23:37 - 23:44
uterus the aptly named feathered tyrants
23:40 - 23:44
were the super predators of the
23:53 - 23:59
time due to their large size the remains
23:57 - 24:03
of T-Rex his cousins are kept in a
23:59 - 24:12
warehouse in a suburb of
24:22 - 24:28
Beijing yeah OS is really amazing animal
24:25 - 24:31
you know it's a really big animal about
24:28 - 24:33
1 and half tons in body mass it's body
24:31 - 24:35
covered by feathers really long feathers
24:35 - 24:40
unexpected you know traditionally we we
24:37 - 24:43
s you know when animal get bigger is for
24:40 - 24:45
dinosaur same the low feathers reduce
24:43 - 24:49
feathers so all at least feathers are
24:45 - 24:53
kind of Spar but uh here we have a large
24:49 - 24:56
bed dinosaur with dance and like long
24:53 - 24:58
feathers so this is
24:56 - 25:00
bizarre the fact that such a large
24:58 - 25:03
warm-blooded animal was covered in
25:00 - 25:05
feathers suggests that its body size was
25:03 - 25:07
not sufficient to regulate its
25:05 - 25:08
temperature so the climate must have
25:08 - 25:14
cold the discovery of the largest
25:11 - 25:17
feathered animal ever found confirms the
25:14 - 25:18
hypothesis of a temperate climate with
25:23 - 25:28
Winters it proves that the therapod
25:25 - 25:31
dinosaurs of leoning
25:28 - 25:32
wandered into the winter snow 125
25:31 - 25:35
million years
25:32 - 25:38
ago and that the feathers of the little
25:35 - 25:40
sinur upter the huge
25:38 - 25:43
utilus protected them from cold
25:40 - 25:45
temperatures in this region of the
26:42 - 26:47
the insulating property of feathers
26:44 - 26:50
remains a feature in modern
26:47 - 26:52
Birds but it is not sufficient to
26:50 - 26:56
explain how surface dwelling dinosaurs
26:52 - 26:58
evolved over millions of years to become
26:58 - 27:03
among the theropods living in leoning
27:01 - 27:06
was there only one type of
27:03 - 27:10
feather and at what stage did dinosaurs
27:06 - 27:12
begin to fly over time Chinese
27:10 - 27:15
paleontologists have Unearthed many
27:15 - 27:20
creatures on some
27:17 - 27:23
fossils like the cordi discovered in
27:20 - 27:25
1998 shushing found feathers that were
27:23 - 27:28
not just simple
27:25 - 27:30
filaments with its large feet it looks
27:28 - 27:33
much like an
27:30 - 27:35
ostrich in this fossil there's some
27:33 - 27:38
really beautiful F impression here you
27:35 - 27:41
see two hands of this animal and here is
27:38 - 27:44
a middle finger and you see feathers
27:41 - 27:46
attached to the finger this surface and
27:44 - 27:48
this they go this way so it's quite a
27:53 - 28:00
feathers cipic literally meaning tail
27:56 - 28:04
feather comes from the same Chinese site
28:00 - 28:05
as cusur opter and the same period 125
28:04 - 28:09
million years
28:13 - 28:18
ago scientists imagined that these
28:15 - 28:21
chicks were imprinted on their mothers
28:18 - 28:24
just like moton birds and followed them
28:21 - 28:26
everywhere more or
28:34 - 28:43
weighing almost 20 kg the female cepter
28:38 - 28:43
can't fly neither can her
28:46 - 28:50
youngsters so why do these animals have
28:50 - 28:55
feathers could they serve a purpose
29:03 - 29:08
feathers begin as a simple
29:06 - 29:12
filament which divides to form a pom pom
29:08 - 29:15
before barbs appear around the hollow
29:12 - 29:17
shaft but at this stage in their
29:15 - 29:21
development feathers are symmetrical and
29:17 - 29:21
air passes through
29:23 - 29:28
them so it is not flying anymore it's
29:26 - 29:30
fast running animal living on the ground
29:28 - 29:33
so what's a function apparently those
29:30 - 29:36
feathers are not used for
29:33 - 29:38
flight uh so the other possibility uh
29:36 - 29:42
most people believe is a
29:42 - 29:48
display just like many birds the males
29:45 - 29:50
and females were physically very
29:48 - 29:53
different paleontologists believe that
29:50 - 29:59
the male cepter displayed his shimmering
29:53 - 29:59
feathers in order to attract females
30:07 - 30:12
these courtship rituals along with
30:09 - 30:13
natural selection stimulated an
30:13 - 30:18
transformation cepter were among the
30:16 - 30:21
first therapods to possess a shorter
30:18 - 30:24
tale that supported their display
30:28 - 30:32
in order to fly they were still missing
30:31 - 30:35
a fundamental
30:32 - 30:40
element flight
30:40 - 30:45
feathers seen under a microscope this
30:43 - 30:48
feather comes from another dinosaur
30:45 - 30:50
discovered in 2000 by shushing himself
30:48 - 30:53
it is a vital clue to solving the
30:50 - 30:57
mystery of the origin of
30:53 - 31:00
flight here the feathers are highly as
30:57 - 31:03
symetrical so asymmetrical feathers are
31:00 - 31:04
normally considered to be associated
31:04 - 31:09
capability these feathers are identical
31:06 - 31:11
to those of modern Birds it may be proof
31:09 - 31:13
that some dinosaurs could fly
31:11 - 31:16
microraptor is definitely the most
31:13 - 31:20
amazing species that discovered so far
31:16 - 31:23
and it is dinosaur but you see it has uh
31:20 - 31:25
asymmetric flat feathers not only the
31:23 - 31:28
feathers on the arms but also on the
31:25 - 31:30
feet so we call the fall in the
31:28 - 31:32
condition this is really really bizarre
31:30 - 31:34
and now we have quite good evidence
31:32 - 31:36
suggesting this fall in the condition is
31:34 - 31:39
related to the origin of for flight for
31:36 - 31:41
a long time paleontologists believed
31:39 - 31:44
that two-legged dinosaurs ran along the
31:41 - 31:50
ground in order to take off but Micro
31:44 - 31:50
reactor's climbing claws opened up a new
31:50 - 31:55
possibility 125 million years ago in the
31:53 - 31:57
part of China that microraptor called
31:55 - 32:00
home the ground was fertilized by
31:57 - 32:02
volcanic ash that encourage the growth
32:02 - 32:07
vegetation tall trees add a vertigal
32:05 - 32:10
dimension to the landscape and the
32:07 - 32:13
microraptor meaning small Thief takes
32:10 - 32:13
advantage of
32:28 - 32:32
microraptor sported feathers on its arms
32:37 - 32:44
legs with its four wings it was probably
32:41 - 32:44
the world's first base
32:54 - 33:01
jumper four wings offer an advantage for
32:57 - 33:01
gliding but not for
33:03 - 33:10
walking a microraptor on the ground is a
33:07 - 33:10
microraptor in
33:47 - 33:51
according to
33:48 - 33:54
shushing tree dwelling feathered
33:51 - 33:55
dinosaurs like these would evolve to
34:00 - 34:05
to better understand this transition
34:02 - 34:08
paleontologist teamed up with an
34:05 - 34:11
ornithologist
34:08 - 34:13
zongi in front of him is an incredible
34:11 - 34:16
collection of primitive Birds found at
34:13 - 34:18
cun like the feathered dinosaurs from
34:16 - 34:22
the same site they all date from the
34:18 - 34:26
Cretaceous Period 125 million years
34:22 - 34:29
ago I think uh there are over 500 uh
34:26 - 34:32
basements of confusion sonis are
34:29 - 34:34
collected in this Museum alone I think
34:32 - 34:38
this is the largest collection of
34:34 - 34:38
confusion sonis in the whole
34:43 - 34:50
world this bird like confusious sonis
34:46 - 34:53
they are only shortly uh later than the
34:50 - 34:59
earliest bird ARs and uh they are
34:53 - 34:59
transition in many flight apparatus many
34:59 - 35:05
features despite the claws on their
35:01 - 35:05
wings they are very similar to Modern
35:07 - 35:13
Birds they no longer have
35:10 - 35:16
teeth or a long bony
35:13 - 35:18
tail they also have a furcula the famous
35:16 - 35:21
chicken wishbone for attaching muscles
35:18 - 35:23
to Wings and the males have two
35:21 - 35:25
ceremonial ribbons ornamenting their
36:02 - 36:07
this sexual variation is similar to that
36:04 - 36:10
of the feathered dinosaur
36:07 - 36:13
cipix like him the male has long
36:10 - 36:17
feathers that he uses to lure the
36:17 - 36:23
ladies competition is tough and courting
36:21 - 36:25
displays are
36:45 - 36:50
also you can see the bird uh start
36:47 - 36:53
climbing the trunk with uh very big
36:50 - 36:57
claws in the
36:53 - 36:59
wind now we see the bird can uh uh Pur
36:57 - 37:02
on the branches of the trees because the
36:59 - 37:04
the HX of the foot is already
37:02 - 37:13
reversed much like a modern
37:13 - 37:19
bird confucious oris's narrow feathers
37:16 - 37:21
were not well adapted to gliding but
37:19 - 37:23
would have allowed it to fly by flapping
37:21 - 37:26
its wings albeit
37:23 - 37:31
clumsily but natural selection is at
37:26 - 37:31
work retaining only the most Adept
37:35 - 37:40
genes yet the presence of many birds
37:38 - 37:43
found at the same location as feathered
37:40 - 37:45
dinosaurs does not necessarily prove
37:43 - 37:45
that they were
37:45 - 37:51
related if Birds had already Diversified
37:49 - 37:55
125 million years
37:51 - 37:59
ago U tyranus and other theropods may
37:55 - 37:59
have been merely an evolutionary dead
37:59 - 38:05
end so when did the first Birds
38:02 - 38:08
appear did they share a common ancestor
38:05 - 38:11
with feathered dinosaurs and how did
38:08 - 38:13
their ancestors begin
38:13 - 38:19
flying to answer these questions Chinese
38:16 - 38:21
paleontologists have one last card of
38:23 - 38:29
sleeves west of leoning a new fossil bed
38:27 - 38:31
was revealed during the construction of
38:33 - 38:41
Motorway in 2009 a finally preserved
38:38 - 38:43
anones dating from the Jurassic period
38:41 - 38:47
was found near
38:43 - 38:50
here was become a crucial piece in
38:47 - 38:52
shing's puzzle this site is very
38:50 - 38:54
important for at least for for one
38:52 - 38:57
reason we know that arap earliest no
38:54 - 39:01
bird is from about 100 45 million years
38:57 - 39:04
ago but most other fasy dinosaurs are
39:01 - 39:08
you know from early cres or even later
39:04 - 39:11
so this dinosaur was living in like 160
39:08 - 39:13
million years ago earlier than AR Trix
39:11 - 39:16
so that means there are some f dinosaur
39:13 - 39:20
predates arop the earliest bird so
39:16 - 39:23
that's uh correct the time
39:20 - 39:26
sequence this new fossil puts an end to
39:23 - 39:30
the debate feathered dinosaurs are
39:26 - 39:34
undoubtedly older than the first
39:30 - 39:37
birds today shushing discovers a fish
39:34 - 39:39
confirmation that anones lived in a rich
39:39 - 39:44
ecosystem this little four-winged
39:42 - 39:45
theropod must have been a victim to
39:50 - 39:56
predators in the Jurassic period terasol
39:54 - 39:59
like these darwinopterus ruled of the
39:56 - 40:02
Skies with talon-like claws and a
39:59 - 40:06
wingspan over a meter wide they were the
40:02 - 40:09
equivalent of modern day Birds of
40:06 - 40:12
Prey their ability to fly and perform
40:09 - 40:14
aerial acrobatics was beyond that of the
40:14 - 40:20
dinosaurs faced with this constant
40:17 - 40:22
danger anones sought shelter in the
40:20 - 40:25
forest but this little dinosaur was also
40:22 - 40:27
threatened from the ground its only
40:25 - 40:32
shelter lies in the restricted area
40:27 - 40:37
between the ground and the sky the
40:32 - 40:37
trees it Glides down to feed in the
40:39 - 40:46
undergrowth its surface area is smaller
40:41 - 40:46
than micro Raptor so it falls more
40:47 - 40:53
quickly with its long back legs Anis is
40:50 - 40:56
built like a sprinter but its lengthy
40:53 - 40:59
feathers are a hindrance on the ground
40:56 - 41:02
its long legs are an advantage for
40:59 - 41:05
foraging or rushing to the nearest
41:02 - 41:25
shelter if such a thing
41:40 - 41:47
though clumsy Anis showed that dinosaurs
41:44 - 41:50
attempted to fly from trees using four
41:50 - 41:56
wings on this rare fossil the rear leg
41:53 - 42:03
feathers are visible to the naked eye
42:03 - 42:09
to refine his theory shushing continues
42:07 - 42:12
his research using a medical
42:09 - 42:17
scanner X-rays of anon's skeleton will
42:12 - 42:21
be digitized in 3D in order to study its
42:22 - 42:26
biomechanics but honestly there are some
42:24 - 42:29
debates how exactly those animals use
42:26 - 42:32
their leg WIS some people believe the
42:29 - 42:34
leg WIS are not really related to flight
42:32 - 42:37
maybe is a display structure if we look
42:34 - 42:39
at other dinosaurs their leg normally is
42:37 - 42:42
underneath the body they has all like
42:39 - 42:47
fully erect posture one possibility
42:42 - 42:49
maybe Anis can project its leg slightly
42:47 - 42:53
laterally to compensate for the lack of
42:49 - 42:56
a wishbone anones used its rear leg
42:53 - 42:58
feathers to improve its gliding ability
42:56 - 43:01
the discovery of anones proves that
42:58 - 43:03
dinosaur flight was a result of trial
43:01 - 43:04
and error in the evolution of anatomy
43:11 - 43:16
Feathers surprisingly new information
43:14 - 43:20
about the origin of feathers was soon to
43:16 - 43:21
appear from Over the Border in Siberia
43:20 - 43:25
in the summer of
43:21 - 43:28
2013 the first Russian feathered fossils
43:25 - 43:28
made their appear
43:33 - 43:40
1500 km north of Beijing in the trans
43:37 - 43:44
Bal step a team of Russians and belgians
43:40 - 43:44
worked together at the excavation
43:48 - 43:53
site when local geologists found the
43:51 - 43:56
first bones they invited
43:53 - 43:59
paleontologist Pascal good from the
43:56 - 44:02
Royal Institute of Belgium to take part
43:59 - 44:02
in this revolutionary
44:06 - 44:11
Discovery we're at the kulinda deposit
44:09 - 44:13
in southeast Siberia the hills you can
44:11 - 44:17
see behind me date from the Jurassic
44:13 - 44:20
period between 145 and 160 million years
44:17 - 44:22
ago and Russian geologists who were
44:20 - 44:24
prospecting in the area in 2010 found
44:22 - 44:26
the first dinosaur bones which have been
44:24 - 44:28
extremely important for reconstructing
44:26 - 44:30
the evolution of plummage and feathers
44:30 - 44:36
dinosaurs his curiosity aroused Pascal
44:34 - 44:39
assembled a team to search the site for
44:36 - 44:41
themselves it's a lengthy process
44:39 - 44:44
requiring a deep layer of soil to be
44:41 - 44:46
removed to get to the
44:44 - 44:51
fossils but after several days the
44:46 - 44:51
team's work starts to show
44:59 - 45:04
yeah look at
45:00 - 45:05
that that's quite a big deal just there
45:05 - 45:09
edge oh wow that's
45:12 - 45:18
one so here at the edge of the plate you
45:15 - 45:20
can see very fine little filaments and
45:18 - 45:22
these are feathers dinosaur feathers you
45:20 - 45:24
can see that the filaments converge
45:22 - 45:26
towards the base so these are composite
45:26 - 45:32
It's A Primitive kind of down that we
45:29 - 45:32
find on some primitive
45:33 - 45:38
dinosaurs compared to the impressive
45:35 - 45:39
Chinese discoverers these fossils may
45:38 - 45:41
seem a little
45:39 - 45:44
underwhelming but the paleontologists
45:41 - 45:47
are thrilled to discover a completely
45:52 - 45:57
species during the Jurassic period the
45:55 - 46:00
Chinese penin Peninsula was covered in a
45:57 - 46:03
vast Forest of conifers while Siberia
46:00 - 46:05
was much more hostile the arid climate
46:03 - 46:08
had huge seasonal variations in
46:05 - 46:11
temperature and intense volcanic
46:08 - 46:14
activity one of the keys to conserving
46:21 - 46:26
fossils only fragments of skeletons are
46:24 - 46:29
found at kulinda
46:26 - 46:32
to begin with the Russians thought that
46:29 - 46:37
the feathers came from fossilized
46:32 - 46:37
Birds the scales from
46:38 - 46:44
crocodiles and the Bones from a small
46:47 - 46:52
dinosaur but Pascal was not convinced by
46:52 - 46:59
hypothesis in 2014 he reanalyzed all all
46:55 - 47:00
the fossils and suggested an entirely
47:00 - 47:05
explanation it's a bit like going into a
47:02 - 47:08
cemetery and Gathering up loose bones
47:05 - 47:11
you'll have small tibas large tibas
47:08 - 47:13
little femurs and big femurs but they
47:11 - 47:15
all have the same morphology so we can
47:13 - 47:19
tell they all come from the same type of
47:15 - 47:19
dinosaur that we called kulinda
47:20 - 47:24
dramus because of the large number of
47:22 - 47:27
disconnected bones that we found at
47:24 - 47:30
kulinda we now know that kulinda dramus
47:27 - 47:33
was a small heror dinosaur that was fast
47:33 - 47:39
agile this is the first ever feathered
47:36 - 47:41
heror dinosaur to be discovered a
47:39 - 47:45
separate branch of the dinosaur family
47:41 - 47:45
tree from the carnivorous
47:52 - 47:58
therapod colinda dromus lived in herds
47:58 - 48:04
just like vilder Beast migrations in
48:00 - 48:06
Africa large Predators such as sinraptor
48:04 - 48:09
must have closely followed the movements
48:41 - 48:45
this is a real Revolution what it means
48:43 - 48:47
is that all dinosaurs could potentially
48:48 - 48:52
feathers feathers would have appeared on
48:50 - 48:55
an ancestor that was common to both
48:52 - 48:57
groups it could be as old as dinosaurs
48:55 - 49:02
themselves El first seen in the Triassic
48:57 - 49:02
period 220 million years
49:12 - 49:18
ago the misfortunes of this group of
49:15 - 49:21
herbivores have led paleontologists to
49:18 - 49:23
the origins of
49:23 - 49:28
feathers thanks to Cinda dromia
49:26 - 49:30
we now know that the first feathered
49:28 - 49:32
dinosaur the common ancestor of the
49:30 - 49:35
carnivores and the
49:32 - 49:39
herbivores remains to be found in Fossil
49:35 - 49:42
Beds going back to before the Jurassic
49:56 - 50:01
but who knows what other Secrets could
49:58 - 50:03
be found in Siberia and what Clues could
50:01 - 50:08
be hidden in other parts of the world to
50:03 - 50:08
document the early history of the bird