00:01 - 00:05

[Music]

00:05 - 00:11

where do birds come

00:08 - 00:13

from and who were their

00:11 - 00:16

ancestors for a long time these

00:13 - 00:19

questions have remained

00:16 - 00:22

unanswered their family tree stopped

00:19 - 00:26

abruptly at the oldest known species a

00:22 - 00:28

fossil found in 19th century Germany

00:26 - 00:32

archaeopteris whose name comes from the

00:28 - 00:32

Greek for ancient ient

00:34 - 00:39

Wing but since

00:36 - 00:43

1996 thousands of animals Unearthed in

00:39 - 00:45

China have shed new light on the origin

00:43 - 00:45

of

00:46 - 00:51

[Music]

00:53 - 00:58

birds this abundance of the discoveries

00:56 - 01:00

proves that most dinosaurs were not

00:58 - 01:02

covered in scales

01:00 - 01:04

but clad in

01:02 - 01:07

feathers some of these feathered dragons

01:04 - 01:07

could even

01:12 - 01:17

fly the extent of the Asian jigsaw

01:15 - 01:20

puzzle is so vast that it ties

01:17 - 01:26

modern-day Birds to remarkable distant

01:20 - 01:26

cousins and suggests a multitude of

01:28 - 01:34

relatives

01:31 - 01:37

during the Jurassic period between 200

01:34 - 01:41

and 145 million years ago the

01:37 - 01:42

supercontinent Pangia opened up creating

01:41 - 01:46

separate land

01:42 - 01:49

masses at the edges of this world China

01:46 - 01:51

and Siberia formed a huge Peninsula with

01:49 - 01:52

a temperate climate similar to that of

01:51 - 01:58

modern

01:52 - 02:01

[Music]

01:58 - 02:01

Europe

02:06 - 02:11

the breakup of the continents was

02:09 - 02:13

accompanied by volcanic eruptions

02:11 - 02:16

particularly in

02:13 - 02:19

China a paradise in

02:16 - 02:22

Waiting inhabited by strange

02:19 - 02:28

creatures like

02:22 - 02:30

[Music]

02:28 - 02:34

anonas

02:30 - 02:38

meaning near bird this little dinosaur

02:34 - 02:38

is completely covered in

02:40 - 02:48

feathers the size of a modern day pigeon

02:44 - 02:48

anones is a long lost

02:48 - 02:53

relation the descendants of this

02:50 - 02:56

lightweight dinosaur survived better

02:53 - 02:58

than other large theropods a group that

02:56 - 03:01

includes all carnivorous

02:58 - 03:01

dinosaurs

03:03 - 03:15

[Music]

03:12 - 03:18

including Guan

03:15 - 03:22

Longs they are efficient Hunters 3 m

03:18 - 03:25

long and weighing 50

03:22 - 03:25

[Music]

03:28 - 03:35

kg to escape anones was capable of short

03:33 - 03:39

gliding flights while its pursuer was

03:35 - 03:39

firmly stuck on the

03:39 - 03:45

[Music]

03:49 - 03:55

[Music]

03:58 - 04:01

ground

04:03 - 04:12

and yet juong also had

04:07 - 04:12

feathers what were they used

04:13 - 04:18

[Music]

04:16 - 04:21

[Applause]

04:18 - 04:21

[Music]

04:28 - 04:31

for

04:39 - 04:45

erupting volcanoes spewing fine Ash and

04:42 - 04:49

noxious gases froze a moment of Jurassic

04:45 - 04:51

Life For Eternity helping us answer some

04:49 - 04:51

of these

04:57 - 05:03

questions this dinosaur paradox has

05:00 - 05:05

become the feathered dinosaurs Pompei a

05:03 - 05:08

huge range of new species has recently

05:05 - 05:10

been discovered in one of China's many

05:08 - 05:10

construction

05:15 - 05:21

sites over the last two decades in the

05:19 - 05:24

Leaning region paleontologists have

05:21 - 05:27

collected thousands of specimens hidden

05:24 - 05:27

for millions of

05:28 - 05:31

years

05:32 - 05:37

these magnificent fossils are in a state

05:34 - 05:40

of almost perfect preservation thanks to

05:37 - 05:42

the mixture of extremely fine clay and

05:40 - 05:46

volcanic ash

05:42 - 05:49

[Music]

05:46 - 05:51

sediment and those volcanic eruptions

05:49 - 05:53

kill the animal directly and they bu

05:51 - 05:55

their body so that's why we have so

05:53 - 05:56

beautiful skeleton and I include soft

05:55 - 05:59

tissue

05:56 - 06:02

preserved um so that's why we come here

05:59 - 06:05

here paleontologists shuing and his

06:02 - 06:07

colleagues from around the world can

06:05 - 06:09

trace the chaotic History of Flight and

06:07 - 06:12

feathers in these

06:09 - 06:15

rocks the feather preservation is really

06:12 - 06:17

amazing like detectives they examine the

06:15 - 06:18

clues to understand what feathers were

06:17 - 06:22

used

06:18 - 06:22

[Music]

06:24 - 06:29

for and discover how some dinosaurs from

06:27 - 06:34

the theropod family turned of the course

06:29 - 06:34

of millions of years into

06:43 - 06:48

Birds the first piece of evidence in

06:46 - 06:52

their inquiry was discovered at the end

06:48 - 06:55

of the 19th century in

06:52 - 06:58

Germany towards the end of the Jurassic

06:55 - 07:00

period Europe was partly submerged under

06:58 - 07:02

a shallow body of water called the

07:00 - 07:06

tethis

07:02 - 07:10

[Music]

07:06 - 07:14

sea about 150 million years ago Germany

07:10 - 07:14

was dotted with Tropical

07:15 - 07:19

[Music]

07:19 - 07:26

Islands terrasaurs the first flying

07:23 - 07:28

vertebrates have dominated the skies for

07:26 - 07:30

80 million

07:28 - 07:36

years this is German

07:30 - 07:36

oais one of 150 species of terrasaurs

07:36 - 07:42

discovered these flying reptiles are not

07:39 - 07:44

dinosaurs a fine skin stretches over

07:42 - 07:47

their elongated fingers to create

07:44 - 07:50

leathery Wings this membrane along with

07:47 - 07:54

powerful muscles and hollow bones makes

07:50 - 07:54

them masters of the

07:58 - 08:01

Skies

08:11 - 08:14

[Music]

08:15 - 08:21

but the terrasaurs aerial Supremacy is

08:17 - 08:25

about to be challenged by the very first

08:21 - 08:25

Birds such as

08:26 - 08:31

[Music]

08:28 - 08:33

archaeopteris

08:31 - 08:36

A Primitive bird whose claws at the ends

08:33 - 08:39

of its wings raised suspicions amongst

08:36 - 08:39

19 century

08:41 - 08:47

[Music]

08:47 - 08:53

paleontologists its fossils were found

08:50 - 08:55

around the modern German Town of sonan a

08:53 - 08:58

tropical archipelago during the late

08:55 - 09:00

Jurassic Period some islands harbored

08:58 - 09:03

salty lagoons where dying animals

09:00 - 09:03

avoided

09:05 - 09:12

scavengers and were buried by Soft mud

09:08 - 09:15

that preserved them in minute

09:12 - 09:15

[Music]

09:20 - 09:28

detail Ard fry commonly known as Dino

09:25 - 09:30

fry is the resident

09:28 - 09:33

expert this is the famous solenhofen

09:30 - 09:35

laminated Limestone and you can actually

09:33 - 09:38

see the sediment stapled up like the

09:35 - 09:40

leaves of a book and inside the leaves

09:38 - 09:43

of this Rocky

09:40 - 09:46

book this is where archaeopteris was

09:43 - 09:49

found together with many other fossils

09:46 - 09:53

and uh it's a speciality of this rock

09:49 - 09:56

that it is very very very fine grained

09:53 - 09:59

and inside this mud fossils are

09:56 - 10:03

preserved like in a tin and this is why

09:59 - 10:07

this entire area is so valuable as a

10:03 - 10:09

window in Jurassic times the locals use

10:07 - 10:12

these stones to tile their houses in the

10:09 - 10:15

process uncovering highly prized

10:12 - 10:15

Treasures in the history of

10:16 - 10:19

[Music]

10:24 - 10:29

[Music]

10:27 - 10:31

paleontology in 1868

10:29 - 10:34

faced with the

10:31 - 10:36

archaeopteris British biologist Thomas

10:34 - 10:39

Henry Huxley asserted that this was a

10:36 - 10:41

transitional fossil between

10:39 - 10:47

reptiles and

10:41 - 10:47

[Music]

10:58 - 11:01

birds

11:03 - 11:08

a friend of Darwin and an Ardent

11:06 - 11:11

defender of the theory of evolution

11:08 - 11:14

Huxley was an expert anatomist capable

11:11 - 11:17

of skilled fossil analysis until the

11:14 - 11:19

year 1861 before archa Optics was

11:17 - 11:21

discovered the only creatures that were

11:19 - 11:25

known to have Fells were the birds so it

11:21 - 11:27

was apparent that this is a fossil bird

11:25 - 11:31

and Thomas haxley looked at it very

11:27 - 11:34

closely and he discovered signs that

11:31 - 11:37

this bird could also be a dinosaur

11:34 - 11:40

actually a carnivorous dinosaur and

11:37 - 11:42

actually shares characters of the two

11:40 - 11:44

making it a missing link between

11:42 - 11:47

dinosaurs and birds that was a sensation

11:44 - 11:47

at the

11:51 - 11:57

time the darwinian idea of natural

11:54 - 12:00

selection is therefore very

11:57 - 12:00

recent

12:07 - 12:12

Huxley had the insight to see that

12:09 - 12:15

archeops teeth clawed wings and bony

12:12 - 12:19

tail meant that it has similarities with

12:15 - 12:21

kognus Dinosaurs predatory relations of

12:19 - 12:21

the

12:23 - 12:30

[Music]

12:27 - 12:30

velociraptors

12:34 - 12:39

Arch opter was certainly no

12:36 - 12:43

acrobat but it had

12:39 - 12:43

feathers and it could

12:46 - 12:52

fly its collar bones had already fused

12:49 - 12:55

together a vital step enabling the wings

12:52 - 12:59

to Flap efficiently and gain altitude

12:55 - 13:13

allowing it to hunt and nest in tre

12:59 - 13:16

[Music]

13:13 - 13:16

[Applause]

13:21 - 13:26

trees throughout the 20th and 21st

13:24 - 13:30

centuries more Arch opter fossils were

13:26 - 13:30

Unearthed in Germany

13:36 - 13:40

[Music]

13:38 - 13:42

this is specimen number 11 it's the

13:40 - 13:43

latest specimen and it came to light in

13:42 - 13:46

the year

13:43 - 13:48

2011 and despite its fragmentary it's

13:46 - 13:51

not completely preserved because the

13:48 - 13:53

skull is missing it still shows us some

13:51 - 13:56

features which were previously unknown

13:53 - 13:59

one of them is that the tail end shows a

13:56 - 14:01

v-shaped feather configuration

13:59 - 14:03

and the second is that you can see in

14:01 - 14:06

this specimen the extent of the feather

14:03 - 14:06

travs along the

14:13 - 14:18

legs the feathers on its feet are

14:15 - 14:20

intriguing since modern Birds no longer

14:18 - 14:22

show this

14:20 - 14:25

characteristic is this an

14:22 - 14:27

exception what is sure is that this

14:25 - 14:29

feature has not been selected by

14:27 - 14:32

evolution

14:29 - 14:35

just like this giant Marine reptile a

14:32 - 14:35

leopluradon

14:38 - 14:41

[Music]

14:42 - 14:47

washed up on the shores of the Lagoon it

14:45 - 14:49

is a godsend for

14:47 - 14:52

archaeopteris the flies attracted by the

14:49 - 14:55

carcass provide a hearty meal for this

14:52 - 14:55

insect

14:57 - 15:00

eater

15:01 - 15:04

but being out in the open is dangerous

15:03 - 15:07

for

15:04 - 15:13

archaeopteris an opportunistic German

15:07 - 15:13

oaas sees the prospect of a protein Rich

15:19 - 15:26

meal and doesn't appreciate the

15:23 - 15:26

[Music]

15:27 - 15:30

competition

15:31 - 15:40

[Music]

15:45 - 15:50

once the mightiest creatures in the

15:47 - 15:53

skies terrasaurs became extinct by the

15:50 - 15:55

end of the Cretaceous Period 65 million

15:53 - 16:00

years ago while Arch opter his

15:55 - 16:00

descendants grew in number

16:00 - 16:05

bogged down at the bottom of the son

16:02 - 16:07

hofen Lagoon this remarkable fossil

16:05 - 16:08

launched the debate on the relationship

16:07 - 16:11

between birds and

16:08 - 16:15

dinosaurs but with insufficient proof

16:11 - 16:16

this theory was shelled for more than a

16:15 - 16:20

100

16:16 - 16:24

[Music]

16:20 - 16:27

years until New Evidence came to light

16:24 - 16:28

at the end of the 20th century in

16:27 - 16:32

China

16:28 - 16:33

[Music]

16:32 - 16:37

in

16:33 - 16:40

1993 leaning a huge fossil deposit was

16:37 - 16:44

found dating from the Cretaceous Period

16:40 - 16:44

125 million years

16:46 - 16:53

ago this region formerly known as

16:50 - 16:56

Manchuria comprises fertile Farmland

16:53 - 16:56

with fields of corn and

16:57 - 17:02

pasture

17:00 - 17:03

farmers were the first to uncover

17:02 - 17:06

fossils

17:03 - 17:09

inadvertently in seun at the foot of a

17:06 - 17:14

cliff fashioned by volcanic eruptions

17:09 - 17:14

layers of gray mud alternate with red

17:14 - 17:18

[Music]

17:25 - 17:31

Ash transported to Beijing the these

17:28 - 17:36

fossils allow 21st century researchers

17:31 - 17:39

new insights into the feathered

17:36 - 17:42

dragons like sinos or opter the first

17:39 - 17:42

discovered in

17:46 - 17:51

1996 this specimen remains a source of

17:49 - 17:52

Fascination for one of China's most

17:51 - 17:55

famous

17:52 - 17:58

paleontologists shuing I remember

17:55 - 18:00

clearly as that time when this discovery

17:58 - 18:03

was was announced everyone got so

18:00 - 18:07

excited you know we know we are kind of

18:03 - 18:10

shocked the by the beauty of the fossil

18:07 - 18:12

if you look at this spacement closely

18:10 - 18:15

you see the feathers cover the whole

18:12 - 18:17

body along the over the head over the

18:15 - 18:21

back cover hold the tail a little bit

18:17 - 18:24

hair also I mean limb basically feathers

18:21 - 18:27

are quite a simple they are more like

18:24 - 18:29

your hair before this discovery uh some

18:27 - 18:30

penologist believe

18:29 - 18:33

some bird like dancers should have

18:30 - 18:36

feathers but but now we have real

18:33 - 18:38

evidence so that's totally

18:36 - 18:41

different the discovery of this feather

18:38 - 18:44

covered fossil was astounding for the

18:41 - 18:47

first time they had found a dinosaur

18:44 - 18:51

with Aven characteristics proof that

18:47 - 18:51

they were part of the same

18:51 - 19:00

[Music]

18:57 - 19:02

lineage

19:00 - 19:03

in Conifer forests growing in the shadow

19:02 - 19:06

of

19:03 - 19:08

volcanoes lived cusur

19:06 - 19:12

opter it belonged to a group of

19:08 - 19:12

carnivorous dinosaurs called

19:16 - 19:22

theropods these Predators use sight and

19:19 - 19:22

smell to

19:27 - 19:35

hunt one of its favorite victims is

19:30 - 19:35

Zango terium one of the first

19:36 - 19:42

[Music]

19:39 - 19:46

mammals cusur opter feathers looked like

19:42 - 19:48

the down covering modern day

19:46 - 19:51

chicks they are so different from bird

19:48 - 19:55

feathers that for a long time Skeptics

19:51 - 19:55

dismissed them as mere

19:57 - 20:00

hairs

19:58 - 20:07

[Applause]

20:00 - 20:11

[Music]

20:07 - 20:14

in 2010 shuing focused on sinos or

20:11 - 20:17

opterus his strange feathers which

20:14 - 20:20

looked like the down covering modernday

20:17 - 20:23

chicks he began with careful observation

20:20 - 20:24

of these feathers by taking a sample and

20:23 - 20:27

putting it under the

20:24 - 20:30

microscope scientists discovered

20:27 - 20:30

fossilized

20:31 - 20:38

pigments these are mosomes cells that

20:35 - 20:39

give feathers their color shushing

20:38 - 20:43

discovered circular shapes that produce

20:39 - 20:45

a brown pigment and stick-like shapes

20:43 - 20:48

that create a gray

20:45 - 20:51

color he deduced that sinos orop was the

20:48 - 20:54

color of a squirrel with lighter stripes

20:51 - 20:58

on its tail but that's not all we can

20:54 - 21:01

use Malon to infer the color but more

20:58 - 21:04

importantly for us we want to use that

21:01 - 21:07

information to support the hypothesis

21:04 - 21:09

that those dark impression in this

21:07 - 21:12

particular spacement are Proto feathers

21:09 - 21:15

not something else because if mamone are

21:12 - 21:17

present we can see quite confidently

21:15 - 21:20

those are primitive

21:17 - 21:23

feathers sinus or opter was undoubtedly

21:20 - 21:26

covered in feathers but this land animal

21:23 - 21:26

was incapable of

21:27 - 21:30

flight

21:32 - 21:37

so what use was this Dino

21:34 - 21:41

F did it protect this warm-blooded

21:37 - 21:43

animal from the cold possibly but this

21:41 - 21:46

theory is not easy to

21:43 - 21:46

[Music]

21:48 - 21:55

prove to learn more about the climate in

21:51 - 21:58

leoning during this period shuing teamed

21:55 - 22:00

up with a laboratory in France this

21:58 - 22:03

therapod tooth brought back from China

22:00 - 22:06

by geologist Roma AMU holds the key to

22:03 - 22:08

this meteorological

22:06 - 22:10

mystery a lot of researchers thought

22:08 - 22:12

that fossils from that time couldn't

22:10 - 22:15

preserve the weather conditions recorded

22:12 - 22:16

during the animals lifetime it was a big

22:15 - 22:18

challenge we were going to test

22:16 - 22:21

something unknown could we find out

22:18 - 22:24

climate information or

22:21 - 22:28

not in a sense we contest the water that

22:24 - 22:29

the dinosaurs drank a chemical reaction

22:28 - 22:32

with the oxygen preserved in tooth

22:29 - 22:36

enamel reveals the temperature of the

22:32 - 22:38

atmosphere 120 million years ago Roma

22:36 - 22:41

made a major discovery that radically

22:38 - 22:41

altered our

22:43 - 22:47

preconceptions at that time there was a

22:45 - 22:49

global climate that was similar or a

22:47 - 22:51

little colder than current temperatures

22:49 - 22:52

which is very different from what we

22:51 - 22:56

thought about the period of the

22:52 - 22:57

dinosaurs that we had imagined as hot

22:56 - 22:59

tropical and the same throughout the

22:57 - 22:59

world

23:00 - 23:05

well Ying is the climate was similar to

23:03 - 23:08

what we have in the north of France with

23:05 - 23:10

very harsh Winters so dinosaurs would

23:08 - 23:12

have seen snow in

23:10 - 23:15

winter so feathers were an insulating

23:12 - 23:17

material it meant they could keep warm

23:15 - 23:20

and keep active throughout the year like

23:17 - 23:20

any other warm-blooded

23:23 - 23:28

animal coincidentally just as Roma

23:26 - 23:33

published his research the discovery of

23:28 - 23:33

large siiz dinosaurs confirmed his

23:35 - 23:40

work

23:37 - 23:44

uterus the aptly named feathered tyrants

23:40 - 23:44

were the super predators of the

23:45 - 23:53

[Music]

23:53 - 23:59

time due to their large size the remains

23:57 - 24:03

of T-Rex his cousins are kept in a

23:59 - 24:12

warehouse in a suburb of

24:03 - 24:12

[Music]

24:14 - 24:25

[Music]

24:22 - 24:28

Beijing yeah OS is really amazing animal

24:25 - 24:31

you know it's a really big animal about

24:28 - 24:33

1 and half tons in body mass it's body

24:31 - 24:35

covered by feathers really long feathers

24:33 - 24:37

so this is

24:35 - 24:40

unexpected you know traditionally we we

24:37 - 24:43

s you know when animal get bigger is for

24:40 - 24:45

dinosaur same the low feathers reduce

24:43 - 24:49

feathers so all at least feathers are

24:45 - 24:53

kind of Spar but uh here we have a large

24:49 - 24:56

bed dinosaur with dance and like long

24:53 - 24:58

feathers so this is

24:56 - 25:00

bizarre the fact that such a large

24:58 - 25:03

warm-blooded animal was covered in

25:00 - 25:05

feathers suggests that its body size was

25:03 - 25:07

not sufficient to regulate its

25:05 - 25:08

temperature so the climate must have

25:07 - 25:11

been very

25:08 - 25:14

cold the discovery of the largest

25:11 - 25:17

feathered animal ever found confirms the

25:14 - 25:18

hypothesis of a temperate climate with

25:17 - 25:23

harsh

25:18 - 25:25

[Music]

25:23 - 25:28

Winters it proves that the therapod

25:25 - 25:31

dinosaurs of leoning

25:28 - 25:32

wandered into the winter snow 125

25:31 - 25:35

million years

25:32 - 25:38

ago and that the feathers of the little

25:35 - 25:40

sinur upter the huge

25:38 - 25:43

utilus protected them from cold

25:40 - 25:45

temperatures in this region of the

25:43 - 25:45

northern

25:46 - 25:56

[Music]

25:56 - 25:59

hemisphere

26:02 - 26:06

[Music]

26:10 - 26:23

[Music]

26:20 - 26:23

[Applause]

26:26 - 26:42

h

26:28 - 26:44

[Music]

26:42 - 26:47

the insulating property of feathers

26:44 - 26:50

remains a feature in modern

26:47 - 26:52

Birds but it is not sufficient to

26:50 - 26:56

explain how surface dwelling dinosaurs

26:52 - 26:58

evolved over millions of years to become

26:56 - 27:01

Birds

26:58 - 27:03

among the theropods living in leoning

27:01 - 27:06

was there only one type of

27:03 - 27:10

feather and at what stage did dinosaurs

27:06 - 27:12

begin to fly over time Chinese

27:10 - 27:15

paleontologists have Unearthed many

27:12 - 27:17

feathered

27:15 - 27:20

creatures on some

27:17 - 27:23

fossils like the cordi discovered in

27:20 - 27:25

1998 shushing found feathers that were

27:23 - 27:28

not just simple

27:25 - 27:30

filaments with its large feet it looks

27:28 - 27:33

much like an

27:30 - 27:35

ostrich in this fossil there's some

27:33 - 27:38

really beautiful F impression here you

27:35 - 27:41

see two hands of this animal and here is

27:38 - 27:44

a middle finger and you see feathers

27:41 - 27:46

attached to the finger this surface and

27:44 - 27:48

this they go this way so it's quite a

27:46 - 27:48

big

27:53 - 28:00

feathers cipic literally meaning tail

27:56 - 28:04

feather comes from the same Chinese site

28:00 - 28:05

as cusur opter and the same period 125

28:04 - 28:09

million years

28:05 - 28:09

[Music]

28:10 - 28:13

[Applause]

28:11 - 28:15

[Music]

28:13 - 28:18

ago scientists imagined that these

28:15 - 28:21

chicks were imprinted on their mothers

28:18 - 28:24

just like moton birds and followed them

28:21 - 28:26

everywhere more or

28:24 - 28:29

[Music]

28:26 - 28:29

less

28:34 - 28:43

weighing almost 20 kg the female cepter

28:38 - 28:43

can't fly neither can her

28:46 - 28:50

youngsters so why do these animals have

28:49 - 28:53

long

28:50 - 28:55

feathers could they serve a purpose

28:53 - 28:55

other than

28:56 - 28:59

warmth

29:00 - 29:06

[Music]

29:03 - 29:08

feathers begin as a simple

29:06 - 29:12

filament which divides to form a pom pom

29:08 - 29:15

before barbs appear around the hollow

29:12 - 29:17

shaft but at this stage in their

29:15 - 29:21

development feathers are symmetrical and

29:17 - 29:21

air passes through

29:23 - 29:28

them so it is not flying anymore it's

29:26 - 29:30

fast running animal living on the ground

29:28 - 29:33

so what's a function apparently those

29:30 - 29:36

feathers are not used for

29:33 - 29:38

flight uh so the other possibility uh

29:36 - 29:42

most people believe is a

29:38 - 29:45

[Music]

29:42 - 29:48

display just like many birds the males

29:45 - 29:50

and females were physically very

29:48 - 29:53

different paleontologists believe that

29:50 - 29:59

the male cepter displayed his shimmering

29:53 - 29:59

feathers in order to attract females

30:01 - 30:04

[Music]

30:07 - 30:12

these courtship rituals along with

30:09 - 30:13

natural selection stimulated an

30:12 - 30:16

anatomical

30:13 - 30:18

transformation cepter were among the

30:16 - 30:21

first therapods to possess a shorter

30:18 - 30:24

tale that supported their display

30:21 - 30:24

[Music]

30:26 - 30:31

fills

30:28 - 30:32

in order to fly they were still missing

30:31 - 30:35

a fundamental

30:32 - 30:40

element flight

30:35 - 30:43

[Music]

30:40 - 30:45

feathers seen under a microscope this

30:43 - 30:48

feather comes from another dinosaur

30:45 - 30:50

discovered in 2000 by shushing himself

30:48 - 30:53

it is a vital clue to solving the

30:50 - 30:57

mystery of the origin of

30:53 - 31:00

flight here the feathers are highly as

30:57 - 31:03

symetrical so asymmetrical feathers are

31:00 - 31:04

normally considered to be associated

31:03 - 31:06

with flight

31:04 - 31:09

capability these feathers are identical

31:06 - 31:11

to those of modern Birds it may be proof

31:09 - 31:13

that some dinosaurs could fly

31:11 - 31:16

microraptor is definitely the most

31:13 - 31:20

amazing species that discovered so far

31:16 - 31:23

and it is dinosaur but you see it has uh

31:20 - 31:25

asymmetric flat feathers not only the

31:23 - 31:28

feathers on the arms but also on the

31:25 - 31:30

feet so we call the fall in the

31:28 - 31:32

condition this is really really bizarre

31:30 - 31:34

and now we have quite good evidence

31:32 - 31:36

suggesting this fall in the condition is

31:34 - 31:39

related to the origin of for flight for

31:36 - 31:41

a long time paleontologists believed

31:39 - 31:44

that two-legged dinosaurs ran along the

31:41 - 31:50

ground in order to take off but Micro

31:44 - 31:50

reactor's climbing claws opened up a new

31:50 - 31:55

possibility 125 million years ago in the

31:53 - 31:57

part of China that microraptor called

31:55 - 32:00

home the ground was fertilized by

31:57 - 32:02

volcanic ash that encourage the growth

32:00 - 32:05

of lush

32:02 - 32:07

vegetation tall trees add a vertigal

32:05 - 32:10

dimension to the landscape and the

32:07 - 32:13

microraptor meaning small Thief takes

32:10 - 32:13

advantage of

32:26 - 32:30

them

32:28 - 32:32

microraptor sported feathers on its arms

32:30 - 32:32

and

32:37 - 32:44

legs with its four wings it was probably

32:41 - 32:44

the world's first base

32:50 - 32:53

[Music]

32:54 - 33:01

jumper four wings offer an advantage for

32:57 - 33:01

gliding but not for

33:03 - 33:10

walking a microraptor on the ground is a

33:07 - 33:10

microraptor in

33:25 - 33:28

danger

33:29 - 33:33

[Music]

33:37 - 33:40

[Applause]

33:41 - 33:44

[Music]

33:47 - 33:51

according to

33:48 - 33:54

shushing tree dwelling feathered

33:51 - 33:55

dinosaurs like these would evolve to

33:54 - 33:58

become

33:55 - 33:58

Birds

34:00 - 34:05

to better understand this transition

34:02 - 34:08

paleontologist teamed up with an

34:05 - 34:11

ornithologist

34:08 - 34:13

zongi in front of him is an incredible

34:11 - 34:16

collection of primitive Birds found at

34:13 - 34:18

cun like the feathered dinosaurs from

34:16 - 34:22

the same site they all date from the

34:18 - 34:26

Cretaceous Period 125 million years

34:22 - 34:29

ago I think uh there are over 500 uh

34:26 - 34:32

basements of confusion sonis are

34:29 - 34:34

collected in this Museum alone I think

34:32 - 34:38

this is the largest collection of

34:34 - 34:38

confusion sonis in the whole

34:43 - 34:50

world this bird like confusious sonis

34:46 - 34:53

they are only shortly uh later than the

34:50 - 34:59

earliest bird ARs and uh they are

34:53 - 34:59

transition in many flight apparatus many

34:59 - 35:05

features despite the claws on their

35:01 - 35:05

wings they are very similar to Modern

35:07 - 35:13

Birds they no longer have

35:10 - 35:16

teeth or a long bony

35:13 - 35:18

tail they also have a furcula the famous

35:16 - 35:21

chicken wishbone for attaching muscles

35:18 - 35:23

to Wings and the males have two

35:21 - 35:25

ceremonial ribbons ornamenting their

35:23 - 35:28

[Music]

35:25 - 35:28

behinds

35:37 - 36:04

[Music]

36:02 - 36:07

this sexual variation is similar to that

36:04 - 36:10

of the feathered dinosaur

36:07 - 36:13

cipix like him the male has long

36:10 - 36:17

feathers that he uses to lure the

36:13 - 36:17

[Music]

36:17 - 36:23

ladies competition is tough and courting

36:21 - 36:25

displays are

36:23 - 36:28

often

36:25 - 36:28

interrupted

36:31 - 36:43

[Music]

36:45 - 36:50

also you can see the bird uh start

36:47 - 36:53

climbing the trunk with uh very big

36:50 - 36:57

claws in the

36:53 - 36:59

wind now we see the bird can uh uh Pur

36:57 - 37:02

on the branches of the trees because the

36:59 - 37:04

the HX of the foot is already

37:02 - 37:13

reversed much like a modern

37:04 - 37:16

[Music]

37:13 - 37:19

bird confucious oris's narrow feathers

37:16 - 37:21

were not well adapted to gliding but

37:19 - 37:23

would have allowed it to fly by flapping

37:21 - 37:26

its wings albeit

37:23 - 37:31

clumsily but natural selection is at

37:26 - 37:31

work retaining only the most Adept

37:33 - 37:38

[Music]

37:35 - 37:40

genes yet the presence of many birds

37:38 - 37:43

found at the same location as feathered

37:40 - 37:45

dinosaurs does not necessarily prove

37:43 - 37:45

that they were

37:45 - 37:51

related if Birds had already Diversified

37:49 - 37:55

125 million years

37:51 - 37:59

ago U tyranus and other theropods may

37:55 - 37:59

have been merely an evolutionary dead

37:59 - 38:05

end so when did the first Birds

38:02 - 38:08

appear did they share a common ancestor

38:05 - 38:11

with feathered dinosaurs and how did

38:08 - 38:13

their ancestors begin

38:11 - 38:16

[Music]

38:13 - 38:19

flying to answer these questions Chinese

38:16 - 38:21

paleontologists have one last card of

38:19 - 38:21

their

38:23 - 38:29

sleeves west of leoning a new fossil bed

38:27 - 38:31

was revealed during the construction of

38:29 - 38:31

a

38:33 - 38:41

Motorway in 2009 a finally preserved

38:38 - 38:43

anones dating from the Jurassic period

38:41 - 38:47

was found near

38:43 - 38:50

here was become a crucial piece in

38:47 - 38:52

shing's puzzle this site is very

38:50 - 38:54

important for at least for for one

38:52 - 38:57

reason we know that arap earliest no

38:54 - 39:01

bird is from about 100 45 million years

38:57 - 39:04

ago but most other fasy dinosaurs are

39:01 - 39:08

you know from early cres or even later

39:04 - 39:11

so this dinosaur was living in like 160

39:08 - 39:13

million years ago earlier than AR Trix

39:11 - 39:16

so that means there are some f dinosaur

39:13 - 39:20

predates arop the earliest bird so

39:16 - 39:23

that's uh correct the time

39:20 - 39:26

sequence this new fossil puts an end to

39:23 - 39:30

the debate feathered dinosaurs are

39:26 - 39:34

undoubtedly older than the first

39:30 - 39:37

birds today shushing discovers a fish

39:34 - 39:39

confirmation that anones lived in a rich

39:37 - 39:42

[Music]

39:39 - 39:44

ecosystem this little four-winged

39:42 - 39:45

theropod must have been a victim to

39:44 - 39:49

Giant

39:45 - 39:49

[Music]

39:50 - 39:56

predators in the Jurassic period terasol

39:54 - 39:59

like these darwinopterus ruled of the

39:56 - 40:02

Skies with talon-like claws and a

39:59 - 40:06

wingspan over a meter wide they were the

40:02 - 40:09

equivalent of modern day Birds of

40:06 - 40:12

Prey their ability to fly and perform

40:09 - 40:14

aerial acrobatics was beyond that of the

40:12 - 40:17

feathered

40:14 - 40:20

dinosaurs faced with this constant

40:17 - 40:22

danger anones sought shelter in the

40:20 - 40:25

forest but this little dinosaur was also

40:22 - 40:27

threatened from the ground its only

40:25 - 40:32

shelter lies in the restricted area

40:27 - 40:37

between the ground and the sky the

40:32 - 40:37

trees it Glides down to feed in the

40:39 - 40:46

undergrowth its surface area is smaller

40:41 - 40:46

than micro Raptor so it falls more

40:47 - 40:53

quickly with its long back legs Anis is

40:50 - 40:56

built like a sprinter but its lengthy

40:53 - 40:59

feathers are a hindrance on the ground

40:56 - 41:02

its long legs are an advantage for

40:59 - 41:05

foraging or rushing to the nearest

41:02 - 41:25

shelter if such a thing

41:05 - 41:26

[Music]

41:25 - 41:31

exists

41:26 - 41:31

[Music]

41:40 - 41:47

though clumsy Anis showed that dinosaurs

41:44 - 41:50

attempted to fly from trees using four

41:47 - 41:53

[Music]

41:50 - 41:56

wings on this rare fossil the rear leg

41:53 - 42:03

feathers are visible to the naked eye

41:56 - 42:07

[Music]

42:03 - 42:09

to refine his theory shushing continues

42:07 - 42:12

his research using a medical

42:09 - 42:17

scanner X-rays of anon's skeleton will

42:12 - 42:21

be digitized in 3D in order to study its

42:17 - 42:21

[Music]

42:22 - 42:26

biomechanics but honestly there are some

42:24 - 42:29

debates how exactly those animals use

42:26 - 42:32

their leg WIS some people believe the

42:29 - 42:34

leg WIS are not really related to flight

42:32 - 42:37

maybe is a display structure if we look

42:34 - 42:39

at other dinosaurs their leg normally is

42:37 - 42:42

underneath the body they has all like

42:39 - 42:47

fully erect posture one possibility

42:42 - 42:49

maybe Anis can project its leg slightly

42:47 - 42:53

laterally to compensate for the lack of

42:49 - 42:56

a wishbone anones used its rear leg

42:53 - 42:58

feathers to improve its gliding ability

42:56 - 43:01

the discovery of anones proves that

42:58 - 43:03

dinosaur flight was a result of trial

43:01 - 43:04

and error in the evolution of anatomy

43:03 - 43:11

and

43:04 - 43:14

[Music]

43:11 - 43:16

Feathers surprisingly new information

43:14 - 43:20

about the origin of feathers was soon to

43:16 - 43:21

appear from Over the Border in Siberia

43:20 - 43:25

in the summer of

43:21 - 43:28

2013 the first Russian feathered fossils

43:25 - 43:28

made their appear

43:29 - 43:33

[Music]

43:33 - 43:40

1500 km north of Beijing in the trans

43:37 - 43:44

Bal step a team of Russians and belgians

43:40 - 43:44

worked together at the excavation

43:48 - 43:53

site when local geologists found the

43:51 - 43:56

first bones they invited

43:53 - 43:59

paleontologist Pascal good from the

43:56 - 44:02

Royal Institute of Belgium to take part

43:59 - 44:02

in this revolutionary

44:06 - 44:11

Discovery we're at the kulinda deposit

44:09 - 44:13

in southeast Siberia the hills you can

44:11 - 44:17

see behind me date from the Jurassic

44:13 - 44:20

period between 145 and 160 million years

44:17 - 44:22

ago and Russian geologists who were

44:20 - 44:24

prospecting in the area in 2010 found

44:22 - 44:26

the first dinosaur bones which have been

44:24 - 44:28

extremely important for reconstructing

44:26 - 44:30

the evolution of plummage and feathers

44:28 - 44:34

in

44:30 - 44:36

dinosaurs his curiosity aroused Pascal

44:34 - 44:39

assembled a team to search the site for

44:36 - 44:41

themselves it's a lengthy process

44:39 - 44:44

requiring a deep layer of soil to be

44:41 - 44:46

removed to get to the

44:44 - 44:51

fossils but after several days the

44:46 - 44:51

team's work starts to show

44:54 - 44:57

results

44:59 - 45:04

yeah look at

45:00 - 45:05

that that's quite a big deal just there

45:04 - 45:09

at the

45:05 - 45:09

edge oh wow that's

45:11 - 45:15

[Music]

45:12 - 45:18

one so here at the edge of the plate you

45:15 - 45:20

can see very fine little filaments and

45:18 - 45:22

these are feathers dinosaur feathers you

45:20 - 45:24

can see that the filaments converge

45:22 - 45:26

towards the base so these are composite

45:24 - 45:29

feathers

45:26 - 45:32

It's A Primitive kind of down that we

45:29 - 45:32

find on some primitive

45:33 - 45:38

dinosaurs compared to the impressive

45:35 - 45:39

Chinese discoverers these fossils may

45:38 - 45:41

seem a little

45:39 - 45:44

underwhelming but the paleontologists

45:41 - 45:47

are thrilled to discover a completely

45:44 - 45:47

new animal

45:52 - 45:57

species during the Jurassic period the

45:55 - 46:00

Chinese penin Peninsula was covered in a

45:57 - 46:03

vast Forest of conifers while Siberia

46:00 - 46:05

was much more hostile the arid climate

46:03 - 46:08

had huge seasonal variations in

46:05 - 46:11

temperature and intense volcanic

46:08 - 46:14

activity one of the keys to conserving

46:11 - 46:14

precious

46:21 - 46:26

fossils only fragments of skeletons are

46:24 - 46:29

found at kulinda

46:26 - 46:32

to begin with the Russians thought that

46:29 - 46:37

the feathers came from fossilized

46:32 - 46:37

Birds the scales from

46:38 - 46:44

crocodiles and the Bones from a small

46:42 - 46:44

predatory

46:45 - 46:51

[Music]

46:47 - 46:52

dinosaur but Pascal was not convinced by

46:51 - 46:55

this

46:52 - 46:59

hypothesis in 2014 he reanalyzed all all

46:55 - 47:00

the fossils and suggested an entirely

46:59 - 47:02

different

47:00 - 47:05

explanation it's a bit like going into a

47:02 - 47:08

cemetery and Gathering up loose bones

47:05 - 47:11

you'll have small tibas large tibas

47:08 - 47:13

little femurs and big femurs but they

47:11 - 47:15

all have the same morphology so we can

47:13 - 47:19

tell they all come from the same type of

47:15 - 47:19

dinosaur that we called kulinda

47:20 - 47:24

dramus because of the large number of

47:22 - 47:27

disconnected bones that we found at

47:24 - 47:30

kulinda we now know that kulinda dramus

47:27 - 47:33

was a small heror dinosaur that was fast

47:30 - 47:36

slender and

47:33 - 47:39

agile this is the first ever feathered

47:36 - 47:41

heror dinosaur to be discovered a

47:39 - 47:45

separate branch of the dinosaur family

47:41 - 47:45

tree from the carnivorous

47:52 - 47:58

therapod colinda dromus lived in herds

47:56 - 48:00

[Music]

47:58 - 48:04

just like vilder Beast migrations in

48:00 - 48:06

Africa large Predators such as sinraptor

48:04 - 48:09

must have closely followed the movements

48:06 - 48:09

of these

48:24 - 48:27

dinosaurs

48:41 - 48:45

this is a real Revolution what it means

48:43 - 48:47

is that all dinosaurs could potentially

48:45 - 48:47

have had

48:48 - 48:52

feathers feathers would have appeared on

48:50 - 48:55

an ancestor that was common to both

48:52 - 48:57

groups it could be as old as dinosaurs

48:55 - 49:02

themselves El first seen in the Triassic

48:57 - 49:02

period 220 million years

49:12 - 49:18

ago the misfortunes of this group of

49:15 - 49:21

herbivores have led paleontologists to

49:18 - 49:23

the origins of

49:21 - 49:26

[Music]

49:23 - 49:28

feathers thanks to Cinda dromia

49:26 - 49:30

we now know that the first feathered

49:28 - 49:32

dinosaur the common ancestor of the

49:30 - 49:35

carnivores and the

49:32 - 49:39

herbivores remains to be found in Fossil

49:35 - 49:42

Beds going back to before the Jurassic

49:39 - 49:42

[Music]

49:45 - 49:54

[Music]

49:51 - 49:56

[Applause]

49:54 - 49:58

period

49:56 - 50:01

but who knows what other Secrets could

49:58 - 50:03

be found in Siberia and what Clues could

50:01 - 50:08

be hidden in other parts of the world to

50:03 - 50:08

document the early history of the bird

50:09 - 50:21

[Music]

50:24 - 50:27

Dynasty

Origin of Birds: Unraveling the Ancient Feathered Dinosaurs

Introduction

The origin of birds, with the ancestors of modern avians traced back to feathered dinosaurs, has long intrigued scientists. The journey of discovery has been fueled by fossils unearthed in various parts of the world, shedding light on the ancient past. From the fossilized remains of Archaeopteryx in Germany to the feathered dinosaurs of China and the recent finds in Siberia, each discovery unveils a piece of the puzzle in understanding the evolution of birds.

The Discovery of Feathered Dinosaurs in China

In China, a treasure trove of feathered dinosaurs has been discovered, challenging existing perceptions of these ancient creatures. The fossils found in Liaoning, dating back to the Jurassic period, reveal a diverse range of dinosaurs, some as small as modern-day pigeons and others as large as 3 meters in length. These creatures, covered in feathers, provide crucial insights into the link between dinosaurs and birds.

Evolutionary Adaptations and Flight Capabilities

Feathered dinosaurs, like Anchiornis and Sinosauropteryx, showcase a variety of feather types, suggesting functions beyond insulation. The asymmetric feathers of Microraptor hint at the early stages of flight evolution, allowing these dinosaurs to glide from trees. Further discoveries in China and Siberia continue to refine our understanding of how these dinosaurs adapted to their environments and eventually took to the skies.

Siberian Discoveries: Kulindadromeus and Feathered Herbivores

In Siberia, the finding of Kulindadromeus, a feathered herbivorous dinosaur, reinforces the notion that feathers may have been a common feature among dinosaurs. The discovery challenges the traditional view of feathers being exclusive to carnivorous theropods, expanding our understanding of feather evolution across different dinosaur groups. This sheds further light on the common ancestor shared by both carnivores and herbivores.

Unraveling the Bird Dynasty

As new fossils are uncovered and analyzed, the intricate history of feathered dinosaurs and their transition into birds continues to captivate paleontologists. The fossils from China, Siberia, and beyond offer a glimpse into the diverse prehistoric world, where feathers played a crucial role in the lives of these ancient creatures. Each discovery brings us closer to unraveling the mystery of how dinosaurs took to the skies and laid the foundation for the bird dynasty we see today.

Conclusion

The journey of discovery into the origin of birds is ongoing, with each fossil unearthed adding a new chapter to the evolutionary tale of feathered dinosaurs. From the feathered dragons of China to the herds of Kulindadromeus in Siberia, these ancient creatures provide a window into a distant past where dinosaurs roamed the earth with feathers adorning their bodies. As scientists delve deeper into the fossil record, the rich history of feathered dinosaurs continues to captivate and inspire curiosity about the origins of avian life on our planet.

Let's embark on this fascinating journey through time, uncovering the secrets of our feathered ancestors and their remarkable evolution into the birds we know today.