00:02 - 00:07
crabs may not seem
00:04 - 00:10
unusual but there's one kind here that's
00:10 - 00:17
other on this little island in Vanuatu
00:14 - 00:17
lives a real
00:23 - 00:31
odity it's the largest terrestrial
00:26 - 00:31
invertebrate on Earth
00:43 - 00:49
crab the biggest can weigh up to four kg
00:47 - 00:52
the same as a newborn baby and have a
00:49 - 00:56
leg span of 1
00:52 - 00:56
M it's a hermit crab on
00:57 - 01:03
steroids at night the huge robbers
01:17 - 01:21
alive although these crabs are found
01:19 - 01:23
throughout the Pacific it's only on
01:21 - 01:26
undisturbed islands that you can see
01:23 - 01:26
them in such
01:27 - 01:32
numbers exactly why robber crabs have
01:30 - 01:35
grown so big is a
01:32 - 01:37
mystery but with so few creatures making
01:35 - 01:40
it to these remote Islands the giant
01:37 - 01:44
crustations seem to have filled a niche
01:40 - 01:44
normally taken by mediumsized
01:46 - 01:51
mammals and with almost no competition
01:48 - 01:53
from other native animals the crab's
01:51 - 01:54
huge size allows them to make the most
01:53 - 01:57
of another great
01:54 - 02:00
colonizer something found here in
02:08 - 02:14
coconuts are one of their favorite foods
02:12 - 02:16
it's why they're also called coconut
02:14 - 02:19
crabs and they've been known to carry
02:16 - 02:22
them as far as 5 km back to a favorite
02:31 - 02:36
robber crabs are perhaps the only
02:34 - 02:38
animals in the world able to break into
02:38 - 02:43
coconut the husk is ripped off by
02:41 - 02:46
powerful pinces other legs drill through
02:43 - 02:50
the germinating holes on the seed itself
02:46 - 02:50
until the nut finally
02:53 - 02:57
cracks the whole process can take
02:57 - 03:02
hours but the reward is a meal rich in
03:03 - 03:10
protein robber crabs May rule the land
03:07 - 03:10
but they're no masters of the
03:15 - 03:22
sea an adult crab would drown in a few
03:18 - 03:24
minutes which raises the
03:22 - 03:27
question how did these monsters get to
03:24 - 03:30
so many of the South Pacific's most
03:27 - 03:30
isolated Islands
03:31 - 03:37
this female carries the
03:34 - 03:41
answer thousands of eggs which will soon
03:37 - 03:41
be left to the mercy of the ocean
03:49 - 03:56
current a few shakes of her tail are all
03:52 - 03:56
that's needed to send them on their
03:56 - 04:02
way the eggs will hatch immediately then
03:59 - 04:05
Lai will have just 50 days to find a new
04:02 - 04:05
home above the
04:10 - 04:15
water for an animal to be sucked up by
04:13 - 04:18
storm winds carried across the ocean and
04:15 - 04:21
dumped here alive was a matter of
04:18 - 04:23
extraordinary
04:21 - 04:26
luck yet that's what happened to the
04:23 - 04:30
ancestor of this
04:26 - 04:32
insect it's a kind of fruit fly but no
04:35 - 04:41
one Hawaii's fruit flies are the birds
04:38 - 04:44
of paradise of the insect
04:41 - 04:46
World they attract females with
04:44 - 04:50
elaborate courtship rituals and have a
04:46 - 04:50
sophisticated range of territorial
04:50 - 04:58
Behavior male Hammerhead flies use their
04:54 - 04:58
heads as battering rams
05:00 - 05:07
a male clavati fruit fly fans sex
05:03 - 05:13
pheromones from his raised
05:07 - 05:18
abdomen his extended tongue is an added
05:18 - 05:23
attraction since that first colonizer
05:21 - 05:26
they have evolved into nearly a thousand
05:23 - 05:27
species many with their own unique
05:47 - 05:52
when it comes to choosing a mate females
05:52 - 05:57
fussy one wrong move by her sutor and
05:56 - 06:07
she's off
06:08 - 06:12
Hawaii's isolation has had a curious
06:10 - 06:15
effect on the evolution of some of its
06:12 - 06:15
other Wildlife
06:15 - 06:21
too crawling around these ferns are
06:23 - 06:29
caterpillars they're the larvey of a
06:25 - 06:31
moth and look ordinary enough but these
06:29 - 06:34
tiny caterpillars are perhaps the
06:31 - 06:34
strangest of their kind in the
06:36 - 06:43
world when one finds the right spot it
06:39 - 06:43
settles down to chew through a
06:45 - 06:52
leaf so far so
06:52 - 06:58
normal but the caterpillar is not
06:55 - 07:03
actually swallowing the bits of
06:58 - 07:03
leaf it's ing a gap between the
07:05 - 07:11
segments when finished it'll tuck itself
07:12 - 07:19
space so what is so strange about this
07:17 - 07:22
animal well those are not your typical
07:19 - 07:26
caterpillar feet and what follows is not
07:22 - 07:26
your typical caterpillar Behavior
07:30 - 07:34
this is a carnivorous
07:34 - 07:40
caterpillar with a vice likee hold and a
07:45 - 07:52
match Hawaii's numerous fruit flies were
07:48 - 07:54
just too good an opportunity to
07:54 - 08:00
ignore and the stick like camouflage of
07:57 - 08:04
another kind of meat eating cat pillar
08:00 - 08:04
is just as effective when ambushing
08:15 - 08:19
prey nobody knows what set Hawaii's
08:18 - 08:22
carnivorous caterpillars on this
08:19 - 08:24
extraordinary path but it's the sort of
08:22 - 08:26
quirky Evolution that's common on
08:26 - 08:32
Islands almost all animal Cast Away
08:29 - 08:34
would have died of exposure hunger or
08:32 - 08:38
thirst long before reaching French
08:34 - 08:38
Polynesia in the Eastern
08:39 - 08:43
Pacific reaching land here was a matter
08:41 - 08:45
of extraordinary
08:45 - 08:51
luck unlike Fiji there are no bats in
08:48 - 08:54
French Polynesia no frogs and only a
08:55 - 09:02
lizards the most successful Travelers
08:58 - 09:04
were the Long Hall Flyers so
09:02 - 09:08
turns incredibly they can stay in the
09:04 - 09:08
air for 4 years without
09:13 - 09:19
Landing but to breed they must return to
09:16 - 09:23
nesting sites on remote islands and when
09:19 - 09:23
they do they introduce new
09:26 - 09:33
life sticky or Barbed seeds fasten onto
09:29 - 09:33
the feathers and hitch rides across
09:39 - 09:46
oceans on some islands 75% of plants
09:43 - 09:46
arrived with the
09:50 - 09:55
birds seeds are even carried in the
09:56 - 10:01
Sunbirds as if getting a lift wasn't
09:58 - 10:03
enough for these seeds seabirds also
10:01 - 10:06
provide them with something
10:03 - 10:08
else the seafood these birds bring back
10:06 - 10:11
to the islands is turned into nutrient
10:08 - 10:15
Rich guano plant
10:15 - 10:21
fertilizer and there's enough of it to
10:17 - 10:27
transform Barren coral atol into fertile
10:27 - 10:33
Groves there is one plant Cast Away that
10:31 - 10:36
needs no help in finding new
10:33 - 10:38
land a plant that has probably done more
10:36 - 10:41
to change the fortunes of Island life
10:38 - 10:44
than any other and one of the greatest
10:41 - 10:47
long-distance Travelers of all
10:49 - 10:57
time the humble coconut
10:59 - 11:03
its seed is a compact survival
11:05 - 11:11
capsule buyant and filled with food for
11:08 - 11:13
germination it can survive for up to 2
11:14 - 11:21
Sea long enough to float from one remote
11:17 - 11:21
island to the next
11:37 - 11:42
on arrival it lays down Roots into bare
11:40 - 11:45
sand and Taps into the reservoirs of
11:42 - 11:45
underground fresh
11:50 - 11:56
water without coconuts most of the
11:54 - 11:58
Tropical Islands in the South Pacific
11:56 - 12:01
would have remained uninhabitable for
11:58 - 12:01
both animals and
12:15 - 12:24
people maybe the same way as fiji's most
12:19 - 12:24
intriguing Castaway of all
12:29 - 12:35
discovered only 30 years ago fiji's
12:32 - 12:38
largest surviving reptile was marooned
12:35 - 12:38
on a handful of its outer
12:43 - 12:48
Islands crested
12:46 - 12:52
iguanas they're one of the toughest and
12:48 - 12:52
most saltwater tolerant lizards
12:55 - 13:02
around in the breeding season males
12:57 - 13:02
nearly a meter long battle it out for a
13:02 - 13:08
mate they begin with a gentle bout of
13:05 - 13:08
competitive head
13:10 - 13:15
bobbing if no one backs down Things
13:24 - 13:29
animated the loser scrambles for cover
13:34 - 13:40
so where did these large lizards come
13:36 - 13:44
from some speculate Asia over 6,000 km
13:40 - 13:48
to the West others the Americas 8,000
13:44 - 13:50
kmet to the east but how did they end up
13:51 - 13:56
Fiji one answer is that the iguanas the
13:54 - 14:01
frogs and the millipedes were all
13:56 - 14:01
carried here by powerful Oceanic forces
14:12 - 14:18
every day large waves beat down on Tiny
14:15 - 14:18
Islands across the
14:26 - 14:33
Pacific imposing as they may be
14:29 - 14:33
these have little impact on island
14:41 - 14:47
life but every year much larger waves
14:44 - 14:47
rise out of the
14:53 - 14:59
ocean they're generated by underwater
14:56 - 15:00
landslides and earthquakes
15:00 - 15:04
tsunamis they can flatten
15:13 - 15:20
coastlines yet these destructive forces
15:16 - 15:20
may have also brought life to some
15:23 - 15:30
islands as tsunamis strike the coast
15:26 - 15:30
rafts of vegetation could be cast a Dr
15:32 - 15:37
perhaps animals were caught up in those
15:43 - 15:49
too could this have been the answer to
15:46 - 15:49
how these animals made it to
15:50 - 15:55
Fiji after all they are the hardiest of
15:52 - 15:58
their kind and could have survived long
15:55 - 15:58
sea Journeys
16:02 - 16:08
fiji's first animals washed up tens of
16:05 - 16:08
millions of years
16:09 - 16:13
ago no matter how remote the Hawaiian
16:11 - 16:16
Islands are or how
16:13 - 16:20
hostile there is one creature that has
16:16 - 16:20
reached almost all of them
16:35 - 16:39
gecko it is the ultimate
16:40 - 16:45
Castaway the marathon winner on the long
16:42 - 16:45
journey from New
16:53 - 16:58
Guinea incredibly the female morning
16:55 - 17:00
gecko has done away with the need for a
17:08 - 17:13
instead she simply produces eggs that
17:17 - 17:22
fertilization so one single female
17:20 - 17:26
washed up on an island could start a
17:22 - 17:26
whole population
17:30 - 17:34
along with this extraordinary ability
17:32 - 17:37
these thick skinned and salt resistant
17:34 - 17:43
geckos could also survive long sea
17:37 - 17:43
passages on rafts and even the force of
17:47 - 17:54
cyclones but there is more to the gecko
17:50 - 17:54
story than this
18:00 - 18:05
less than 2,000 years ago something
18:02 - 18:09
happened that was to revolutionize the
18:05 - 18:13
spread of plants and
18:15 - 18:21
animals taking to their sailing boats
18:18 - 18:24
once more descendants of the leita left
18:21 - 18:25
the Central Pacific and set off again in
18:24 - 18:30
search of new
18:25 - 18:30
lands into the great unknown
18:33 - 18:39
as Pioneers they took everything they
18:35 - 18:43
would need to start their lives AR fresh
18:39 - 18:43
livestock plants for
18:47 - 18:56
cultivation even the
18:56 - 19:01
coconut but they would also have taken a
18:58 - 19:04
long list of
19:04 - 19:08
stowaways like the morning
19:09 - 19:15
gecko this lizard was just one Castaway
19:13 - 19:19
which no longer had to rely on its
19:15 - 19:23
stamina and luck to reach new
19:19 - 19:30
lands it could now hitch a free ride
19:31 - 19:36
in a series of Epic voyages the
19:33 - 19:39
descendants of the Lapita the people we
19:36 - 19:41
now call the Polynesians succeeded in
19:39 - 19:44
colonizing the Far Corners of the South
19:41 - 19:49
Pacific from Hawaii to New Zealand even
19:44 - 19:51
to Easter Island over 11,000 km east of
19:51 - 19:58
Guinea in doing so animal Castaways now
19:55 - 19:59
reached new islands at a rate never seen
19:59 - 20:07
changing the nature of the South Pacific
20:13 - 20:17
forever each sea lion needs over 6 kg of
20:20 - 20:24
day with shs this size it shouldn't be
20:26 - 20:29
difficult but it's not easy pick one
20:29 - 20:37
fish out of the
20:45 - 20:50
crowd the fish know there's safety in
20:47 - 20:52
numbers so for the sea lions the trick
20:50 - 20:55
is to snip the sh into smaller and
20:52 - 20:55
smaller balls
21:05 - 21:09
finally a fish breaks for cover it's
21:07 - 21:12
what the sea lines have been waiting
21:09 - 21:15
for crevices in The Reef might seem to
21:12 - 21:17
offer shelter but that's no problem for
21:15 - 21:19
the sea lines who simply scare them out
21:26 - 21:32
bubbles with the sea lines distract Ed
21:29 - 21:35
the fish regroup and the chase starts
21:32 - 21:35
all over again
22:12 - 22:18
a pod of 12 bull sperm whales has become
22:18 - 22:24
stranded was this stranding caused by
22:21 - 22:27
one whale making a navigational error no
22:24 - 22:31
one knows but with social bonds so
22:27 - 22:31
strong the other whales can't help but
22:52 - 22:58
follow one whale is still alive but
22:56 - 23:01
without sufficient water to support his
22:58 - 23:02
incredible bulk his internal organs will
23:02 - 23:07
crushed left like this he will die
23:11 - 23:18
days thankfully our attitude to sperm
23:14 - 23:20
whales has changed from exploitation to
23:18 - 23:23
conservation so a rescue team tries to
23:20 - 23:26
dislodge him with waves from the bow of
23:40 - 23:43
but he's held
23:45 - 23:51
fast his sunburnt skin quickly blisters
24:04 - 24:08
the only option left is to use
24:25 - 24:32
next at last he's free
24:34 - 24:39
badly weakened he chaperoned towards the
24:39 - 24:45
entrance but he's not out of trouble
24:42 - 24:49
yet first he must negotiate the rocky
24:45 - 24:49
heads of the Bay
25:09 - 25:18
Pro his sensitive skin never designed to
25:12 - 25:18
touch rock is badly lacerated
25:30 - 25:35
through and back into the safety of the
25:35 - 25:40
blue these seven-month-old black-footed
25:38 - 25:43
Albatross chicks have recently been
25:40 - 25:45
abandoned by their parents and now
25:43 - 25:47
driven by hunger it's their time to get
26:00 - 26:05
unfortunately with space at a premium
26:03 - 26:07
there is little room for maneuver and
26:05 - 26:08
they must make their Maiden flights over
26:32 - 26:36
but this is no place for a
26:44 - 26:47
paddle tiger
26:50 - 26:56
sharks a dozen sharks each over 3 m long
26:54 - 27:00
have crossed hundreds of kilometers of
26:56 - 27:00
open ocean to attend this annual
27:08 - 27:13
Feast uncannily these fearsome Predators
27:12 - 27:18
often arrive on the same day as the
27:13 - 27:18
first chicks take to the air
27:57 - 28:02
nothing could have prepared these chicks
28:08 - 28:12
encounter yet despite looking like
28:12 - 28:19
ducks inexperienced sharks find them
28:15 - 28:19
hard to sink their teeth into
28:32 - 28:37
in an ocean where food is so hard to
28:34 - 28:40
come by the Sharks can't afford to keep
28:37 - 28:43
missing they must quickly perfect their
29:47 - 29:52
for these Albatross chicks running the
29:50 - 29:54
gauntlet of sharks may seem an
29:52 - 29:57
impossible challenge but the vast
29:54 - 30:00
majority make it to a life in the open
30:15 - 30:20
the long tenacious roots of the oia W
30:18 - 30:23
their way through the cracks and
30:20 - 30:27
penetrate deep into the Rock in search
30:23 - 30:27
of Trapped water and nutrients
30:28 - 30:34
their Quest leads them to a remarkable
30:31 - 30:34
Subterranean
30:42 - 30:47
World once a raging torrent of lava
30:45 - 30:52
flowed right through
30:47 - 30:57
here when it stopped this was all that
30:52 - 30:57
remained a lava tube
31:00 - 31:07
pitch black constantly
31:04 - 31:07
damp and very
31:09 - 31:19
cold can anything survive in this harsh
31:14 - 31:21
World amazingly yes patches of bacteria
31:19 - 31:24
line the walls feeding on the minerals
31:21 - 31:24
in the volcanic rock
31:26 - 31:30
itself but that's not
31:42 - 31:47
all this is the small-eyed big-eyed
31:47 - 31:54
spider a curious name for any spider let
31:51 - 31:57
alone one whose eyes barely
31:54 - 31:59
function but in total darkness eyes are
32:08 - 32:13
although he can't see it the spider has
32:17 - 32:23
company rare crickets scale the rocks
32:32 - 32:37
while translucent earwigs and milky
32:35 - 32:41
millipedes forage for
32:37 - 32:43
food these are cave Specialists or
32:41 - 32:47
troglobites and they never leave the
32:43 - 32:48
lava tube over time most have lost their
32:48 - 32:56
color like this plant
32:52 - 32:58
Hopper its tail has a curious
32:56 - 33:00
function any Predator biting it from
32:58 - 33:04
behind will be left with nothing but a
33:00 - 33:04
mouthful of irritating waxy
33:09 - 33:15
hair this is a place of ghostly
33:13 - 33:18
Stillness a definite Advantage for the
33:15 - 33:20
small-eyed big-eyed hunting
33:18 - 33:22
spider with its super sensitive leg
33:20 - 33:26
hairs it can pick up the slightest
33:22 - 33:26
movement in the air
33:27 - 33:34
and it senses the cricket's presence
33:30 - 33:34
long before it's close enough to
33:41 - 33:48
Ambush as prey are few and far between
33:44 - 33:51
this may be its last meal for some
33:48 - 33:55
time with no light and little
33:51 - 33:58
vegetation only the Specialists survive
33:55 - 34:00
here but that isn't the case for all
34:00 - 34:07
Tubes southeast of Hawaii straddling the
34:03 - 34:07
equator lie the
34:13 - 34:18
gapusan here are still very active
34:33 - 34:39
the coastline of Isabella the largest
34:36 - 34:42
island is covered in volcanic
34:39 - 34:46
rock here a very different kind of
34:42 - 34:46
animal can be found in the Rocky
34:50 - 34:55
tubes the chicks of galapagus:
34:59 - 35:06
without the lava tubes they wouldn't
35:02 - 35:08
survive cool and sheltered the tubes are
35:06 - 35:12
the perfect Nursery protecting the
35:08 - 35:12
chicks from the unforgiving temperatures
35:15 - 35:21
outside unforgiving if you're a penguin
35:22 - 35:27
is adult galapagus:
35:30 - 35:34
do they take a
35:43 - 35:48
dip the adults plunge into Cool Waters
35:47 - 35:51
that have traveled all the way from the
35:58 - 36:03
who says Penguins can't fly
36:28 - 36:32
there's lots of food here as schools of
36:31 - 36:35
fish are drawn to the shelter of these
36:32 - 36:51
Rocky volcanic
36:56 - 37:04
Shores but while the parents are out
37:00 - 37:04
fishing their chicks are home
37:06 - 37:13
alone back in the lava tube there's
37:09 - 37:13
something creeping
37:17 - 37:23
around a Sally Lightfoot crap has
37:20 - 37:32
Penguin on its mind
37:33 - 37:39
it's dark so the crab can't be sure
37:35 - 37:39
exactly what it's up
37:52 - 37:58
against this time it's taken on more
37:54 - 37:58
than it can handle
37:59 - 38:03
had the encounter been just a few days
38:01 - 38:06
earlier the outcome might have been very
38:03 - 38:09
different crabs are major predators of
38:15 - 38:22
penguins in the shallow Waters around an
38:18 - 38:23
Island's base coral reefs rise towards
38:32 - 38:39
of all the formations in the Pacific
38:34 - 38:39
these reefs are by far the richest in
38:41 - 38:45
life there are hundreds of different
38:45 - 38:52
coral and all are made up of millions of
38:48 - 38:55
tiny creatures called polyps each
38:52 - 38:55
covered in a hard
38:56 - 39:02
skeleton reefs are home to thousands of
38:59 - 39:06
Specialists like these razor fish that
39:02 - 39:06
blend into the stag horn coral around
39:10 - 39:15
them but not all animals here need to
39:19 - 39:24
in Gray Reef shars
39:27 - 39:34
the Reef's top predators these sharks
39:30 - 39:34
Patrol the waters on strong
39:38 - 39:44
currents but without all the life on the
39:41 - 39:47
reef here they could never exist in such
39:57 - 40:03
they may be idle right now but they
40:00 - 40:03
won't remain this way for
40:15 - 40:22
long as night
40:17 - 40:22
falls it's feeding time
40:40 - 40:44
needlefish stalk the coral shallows in
40:44 - 40:51
food Predators by day at night they
40:47 - 40:51
become the prey
41:01 - 41:06
speeding away at 30 km an hour the
41:04 - 41:08
needlefish give the chasing sharks are
41:06 - 41:11
run for their
41:08 - 41:14
money but it's hard to escape from so
41:45 - 41:51
New Guinea is a vast Island nestled
41:48 - 41:54
close to the Continental land mass of
41:51 - 41:56
Australia as we move South and East to
41:54 - 41:59
smaller more distant Islands the
41:56 - 42:02
wildlife becomes becomes even more
41:59 - 42:05
unusual the little known island of new
42:02 - 42:07
calonia is a small sliver of Australia
42:05 - 42:09
that was cast a drift over 60 million
42:14 - 42:20
ago it's home to a creature that seems
42:16 - 42:20
to have evolved quite
42:23 - 42:29
strangely it has wings but it can't fly
42:36 - 42:40
it is the kagu
42:59 - 43:04
kagu families stick together with young
43:02 - 43:05
from previous years helping to declare
43:10 - 43:15
territory all intruders are chased
43:25 - 43:31
away it's the the breeding season when
43:28 - 43:34
males rekindle the flame with their
43:31 - 43:34
lifelong partners
44:02 - 44:09
it's hard to know what the kagu is
44:04 - 44:12
related to a heron a rail or maybe a
44:09 - 44:17
pigeon its closest relative may actually
44:12 - 44:18
be the sunbit of South America 11,000 km
44:38 - 44:45
she may not seem too impressed but then
44:42 - 44:47
kagu always keep their feet very firmly
44:45 - 44:51
on the ground in these forests lives a
44:47 - 44:54
bird that is about as unb birdlike as it
44:51 - 44:57
is possible for a bird to be
44:58 - 45:02
it's nocturnal though it sometimes wakes
45:06 - 45:11
Sunset it has whiskers so it can feel
45:09 - 45:16
its way in the
45:16 - 45:22
dark it's a parrot and weighing up to 4
45:19 - 45:29
kilos it's the world's heaviest
45:29 - 45:35
and yes you've guessed it it can't
45:35 - 45:47
fly meet the
45:47 - 45:55
kakao too heavy and short winged to get
45:50 - 45:55
airborne it climbs trees instead
46:05 - 46:09
kakapo were once one of the most
46:07 - 46:12
successful and abundant herbivores in
46:09 - 46:15
New Zealand the Kiwi equivalent of our
46:12 - 46:17
rabbit in 1899 Explorer Charlie Douglas
46:15 - 46:20
wrote they could be caught in the
46:17 - 46:22
Moonlight by simply shaking the tree or
46:20 - 46:24
bush until they tumbled to the ground
46:22 - 46:40
like shaking down apples
46:40 - 46:47
its favorite food is up above the tiny
46:43 - 46:49
seeds of the remu tree this fruit fuels
46:47 - 46:52
kakapo reproduction and they only breed
46:49 - 46:57
when the trees produce a bumper crop so
46:52 - 46:57
about once every 4 years
46:58 - 47:04
kakapo breeds slower than any other bird
47:01 - 47:07
but they also live longer sometimes more
47:11 - 47:19
years the M's song is as peculiar as the
47:14 - 47:22
bird itself more frog than parrot it can
47:19 - 47:25
be heard up to 5 kilometers
47:22 - 47:27
away in a breeding season he will boom
47:25 - 47:30
nonstop for 8 hours every every night
47:32 - 47:37
months but a female will only respond if
47:35 - 47:39
there are plenty of remu seeds
47:39 - 47:44
about so while these birds May nest in
47:42 - 47:46
Burrows like rabbits Unfortunately they
47:44 - 47:49
don't breed like them and their numbers
47:46 - 47:49
have dwindled
47:51 - 47:57
dramatically today fewer than a 100
47:53 - 48:00
Kakao survive this is Steven's Island
47:57 - 48:01
2 and A2 Square km of rock protruding
48:01 - 48:07
ocean it's home to a living fossil A
48:04 - 48:10
Relic barely changed for over 100
48:17 - 48:23
chuara and half the world's population
48:19 - 48:26
survive on this one Island
48:23 - 48:30
Refuge during the reign of the Dinosaurs
48:26 - 48:32
the ancestors of the chuara were
48:30 - 48:35
everywhere they survived the cataclysm
48:32 - 48:37
that killed off the dinosaurs but then
48:35 - 48:41
couldn't compete with the mammals and
48:37 - 48:43
died out everywhere except on what was
48:41 - 48:46
then a mammal free New
48:50 - 48:58
Zealand unlike mammals toara live life
48:55 - 48:58
in the slow lane
49:00 - 49:09
days can pass when they barely move a
49:09 - 49:13
muscle sometimes taking just one breath
49:22 - 49:28
hour they feed on wers Beatles and and
49:28 - 49:33
invertebrates but don't appear very good
49:36 - 49:41
them even after millions of years of
49:38 - 49:44
practice ey mouth coordination is not
49:41 - 49:44
what it could
49:46 - 49:53
be survival of the fittest just doesn't
49:49 - 49:53
seem to apply here
49:58 - 50:05
the chuara survival first on New Zealand
50:01 - 50:08
now on Stevens Island proves a point
50:05 - 50:11
islands are pretty safe places to be at
50:12 - 50:17
invaded fortunately for the Stevens
50:14 - 50:20
Island chuara it did survive a brief
50:17 - 50:22
mammal Invasion but for some of the
50:20 - 50:26
other Wildlife here the invasion was
50:22 - 50:26
rather more catastrophic
50:27 - 50:31
in Fiji biologists are working with
50:29 - 50:34
fishermen to bring the fish back by
50:31 - 50:36
replanting the
50:34 - 50:39
reefs this is a coral
50:36 - 50:41
Nursery but with wild corals already
50:39 - 50:44
struggling where have these Coral
50:41 - 50:44
seedlings come
50:45 - 50:50
from the coral gardeners monitor The
50:48 - 50:53
Reef looking for corals that need a
50:50 - 50:53
helping hand
50:58 - 51:04
despite all this real estate many corals
51:01 - 51:07
end up clustered together crowded out
51:04 - 51:09
they will eventually die so the
51:07 - 51:11
gardeners uproot them creating more
51:09 - 51:14
space for some and giving the uprooted
51:11 - 51:14
ones a fresh
51:16 - 51:21
start each Coral Head is broken down
51:19 - 51:26
into a dozen or more fingers and each of
51:21 - 51:26
these is tied onto a concrete disc
51:28 - 51:33
as every Gardener knows vigorous growth
51:31 - 51:36
requires sunlight plenty of nutrients
51:33 - 51:39
and the right temperature so the coral
51:36 - 51:39
gardeners choose just the
51:48 - 51:54
spot within 6 months the corals are
51:51 - 52:15
branching out
52:36 - 52:41
they're spaced out onto adjacent tables
52:39 - 52:44
and a year or two after planting they're
52:47 - 52:53
harvesting the coral heads are broken
52:50 - 52:56
down once more in the space of 2 years a
52:53 - 52:59
single finger of coral has multiplied
53:00 - 53:06
more some of these will be replanted on
53:03 - 53:09
Fresh discs While others will be
53:06 - 53:09
returned to the
53:10 - 53:16
reef if replicated Coral gardening could
53:13 - 53:19
help restore reefs throughout the
53:16 - 53:21
Pacific but its biggest success may be
53:19 - 53:24
in sewing the seeds of conservation in
53:21 - 53:24
the local fishermen
53:30 - 53:35
within days these cuttings will have
53:32 - 53:37
stuck themselves to The Reef while reefs
53:35 - 53:40
that were replanted a year ago are
53:37 - 53:42
already starting to
53:40 - 53:46
bloom in a few more years this area
53:42 - 53:46
should be a wash with
53:47 - 53:53
fish the antip podan or wandering
53:50 - 53:55
Albatross is found in the waters around
53:53 - 53:59
New Zealand home to the most diverse
53:55 - 53:59
seabird community in the
54:03 - 54:08
world these are rich fishing grounds for
54:15 - 54:22
too the birds know that where there are
54:18 - 54:25
fishermen a free lunch is sure to
54:22 - 54:28
follow so how does this get them into
54:25 - 54:31
trouble with a wingspan over 3 m an
54:28 - 54:33
albatross is built to sore thousands of
54:31 - 54:34
kilometers across the ocean in its quest
54:38 - 54:44
food as it might go for days with
54:40 - 54:44
nothing it can't afford to be
54:46 - 54:52
choosy anything near the surface is
55:05 - 55:12
unfortunately not everything a fisherman
55:08 - 55:12
casts overboard is a healthy
55:12 - 55:18
meal far out at Sea a Longline fishing
55:16 - 55:21
vessel is setting its
55:18 - 55:23
line it's Longline vessels in particular
55:21 - 55:26
that have been held responsible for the
55:23 - 55:29
decline of the albatross
55:30 - 55:36
the fishermen pay out a line 50 km long
55:33 - 55:38
across the surface of the ocean and
55:36 - 55:43
every few meters they attach a secondary
55:38 - 55:43
line with a hook baited with a fish or
55:43 - 55:49
squid every night this vessel casts over
55:46 - 55:52
a thousand hooks overboard and it is
55:49 - 55:58
just one of many long liners plying the
55:52 - 55:58
Pacific some with lines over 100 km long
55:58 - 56:02
but this fisherman is well aware of the
56:00 - 56:04
threat to the seabirds and to prevent
56:02 - 56:08
them from swallowing his hooks he has
56:04 - 56:08
adopted bird friendly fishing
56:08 - 56:14
methods it's why he sets his lines at
56:11 - 56:18
night when the albatross are
56:14 - 56:19
sleeping and he deploys Tory lines these
56:18 - 56:21
simple streamers are remarkably
56:19 - 56:24
effective at scaring birds away from the
56:28 - 56:35
he also thows out his bait before
56:31 - 56:35
hooking it so it sinks out of sight
56:37 - 56:42
quickly his bird catch is now virtually
56:45 - 56:51
zero in Bengal Lagoon in Fiji the local
56:49 - 56:56
people are proving that sharks can be
56:51 - 56:56
more valuable alive than dead
56:59 - 57:04
tourists will pay good money for an
57:01 - 57:08
encounter with real live
57:04 - 57:09
shars this is a community-owned reef and
57:08 - 57:12
some of the money goes to the local
57:09 - 57:15
Villages a big incentive not to kill the
57:15 - 57:21
attraction fans have long had an
57:18 - 57:23
affinity with sharks their ancestors
57:21 - 57:26
worshiped a shark God who they believe
57:23 - 57:29
kept them safe from harm
57:26 - 57:31
they would feed sharks not hunt them and
57:29 - 57:34
these divers continue the
57:31 - 57:37
tradition first To The Feast are tny
57:37 - 57:41
sharks but these sharks are
57:41 - 57:46
scavengers it's the big predators the
57:44 - 57:49
tourists want to
57:52 - 57:58
see bull sharks growing up to 3 and 1/2
57:56 - 58:03
M long these sharks are one of the
57:58 - 58:15
ocean's top predators with an aggressive
58:19 - 58:23
reputation the chief shark feeder is
58:22 - 58:24
from a village where the shark God is
58:24 - 58:31
worshiped so he has no
58:34 - 58:38
fear a bowl of shark Fin's soup can sell
58:38 - 58:44
$100 but here each tourist pays that to
58:41 - 58:46
see these sharks alive and Dives take
58:44 - 58:50
place several times each
58:50 - 58:58
week to protect the Sharks this Reef has
58:53 - 58:58
now been declared a Marine reserve
58:58 - 59:02
with the added bonus that other fish are
59:12 - 59:18
too before the reserve was established
59:15 - 59:22
this Reef had been fished
59:18 - 59:25
out even a single giant travali of this
59:22 - 59:27
size was a rarity
59:27 - 59:34
today the divers are in for a special
59:54 - 59:59
treat a f 5 m tiger
60:19 - 60:27
shark the dive leaders have named her
60:22 - 60:27
Scarface she turns up once a month or so
60:44 - 60:48
she's inquisitive but not
60:54 - 60:58
aggressive for