00:02 - 00:07

crabs may not seem

00:04 - 00:10

unusual but there's one kind here that's

00:07 - 00:10

like no

00:10 - 00:17

other on this little island in Vanuatu

00:14 - 00:17

lives a real

00:23 - 00:31

odity it's the largest terrestrial

00:26 - 00:31

invertebrate on Earth

00:40 - 00:47

the robber

00:43 - 00:49

crab the biggest can weigh up to four kg

00:47 - 00:52

the same as a newborn baby and have a

00:49 - 00:56

leg span of 1

00:52 - 00:56

M it's a hermit crab on

00:57 - 01:03

steroids at night the huge robbers

01:00 - 01:03

really come

01:17 - 01:21

alive although these crabs are found

01:19 - 01:23

throughout the Pacific it's only on

01:21 - 01:26

undisturbed islands that you can see

01:23 - 01:26

them in such

01:27 - 01:32

numbers exactly why robber crabs have

01:30 - 01:35

grown so big is a

01:32 - 01:37

mystery but with so few creatures making

01:35 - 01:40

it to these remote Islands the giant

01:37 - 01:44

crustations seem to have filled a niche

01:40 - 01:44

normally taken by mediumsized

01:46 - 01:51

mammals and with almost no competition

01:48 - 01:53

from other native animals the crab's

01:51 - 01:54

huge size allows them to make the most

01:53 - 01:57

of another great

01:54 - 02:00

colonizer something found here in

01:57 - 02:00

abundance

02:08 - 02:14

coconuts are one of their favorite foods

02:12 - 02:16

it's why they're also called coconut

02:14 - 02:19

crabs and they've been known to carry

02:16 - 02:22

them as far as 5 km back to a favorite

02:19 - 02:22

Den

02:31 - 02:36

robber crabs are perhaps the only

02:34 - 02:38

animals in the world able to break into

02:36 - 02:41

a

02:38 - 02:43

coconut the husk is ripped off by

02:41 - 02:46

powerful pinces other legs drill through

02:43 - 02:50

the germinating holes on the seed itself

02:46 - 02:50

until the nut finally

02:53 - 02:57

cracks the whole process can take

02:55 - 03:02

several

02:57 - 03:02

hours but the reward is a meal rich in

03:03 - 03:10

protein robber crabs May rule the land

03:07 - 03:10

but they're no masters of the

03:15 - 03:22

sea an adult crab would drown in a few

03:18 - 03:24

minutes which raises the

03:22 - 03:27

question how did these monsters get to

03:24 - 03:30

so many of the South Pacific's most

03:27 - 03:30

isolated Islands

03:31 - 03:37

this female carries the

03:34 - 03:41

answer thousands of eggs which will soon

03:37 - 03:41

be left to the mercy of the ocean

03:49 - 03:56

current a few shakes of her tail are all

03:52 - 03:56

that's needed to send them on their

03:56 - 04:02

way the eggs will hatch immediately then

03:59 - 04:05

Lai will have just 50 days to find a new

04:02 - 04:05

home above the

04:10 - 04:15

water for an animal to be sucked up by

04:13 - 04:18

storm winds carried across the ocean and

04:15 - 04:21

dumped here alive was a matter of

04:18 - 04:23

extraordinary

04:21 - 04:26

luck yet that's what happened to the

04:23 - 04:30

ancestor of this

04:26 - 04:32

insect it's a kind of fruit fly but no

04:30 - 04:35

ordinary

04:32 - 04:38

[Music]

04:35 - 04:41

one Hawaii's fruit flies are the birds

04:38 - 04:44

of paradise of the insect

04:41 - 04:46

World they attract females with

04:44 - 04:50

elaborate courtship rituals and have a

04:46 - 04:50

sophisticated range of territorial

04:50 - 04:58

Behavior male Hammerhead flies use their

04:54 - 04:58

heads as battering rams

05:00 - 05:07

a male clavati fruit fly fans sex

05:03 - 05:13

pheromones from his raised

05:07 - 05:18

abdomen his extended tongue is an added

05:13 - 05:21

[Music]

05:18 - 05:23

attraction since that first colonizer

05:21 - 05:26

they have evolved into nearly a thousand

05:23 - 05:27

species many with their own unique

05:26 - 05:47

Behavior

05:27 - 05:50

[Music]

05:47 - 05:52

when it comes to choosing a mate females

05:50 - 05:56

are very

05:52 - 05:57

fussy one wrong move by her sutor and

05:56 - 06:07

she's off

05:57 - 06:07

[Music]

06:08 - 06:12

Hawaii's isolation has had a curious

06:10 - 06:15

effect on the evolution of some of its

06:12 - 06:15

other Wildlife

06:15 - 06:21

too crawling around these ferns are

06:23 - 06:29

caterpillars they're the larvey of a

06:25 - 06:31

moth and look ordinary enough but these

06:29 - 06:34

tiny caterpillars are perhaps the

06:31 - 06:34

strangest of their kind in the

06:36 - 06:43

world when one finds the right spot it

06:39 - 06:43

settles down to chew through a

06:45 - 06:52

leaf so far so

06:49 - 06:55

[Music]

06:52 - 06:58

normal but the caterpillar is not

06:55 - 07:03

actually swallowing the bits of

06:58 - 07:03

leaf it's ing a gap between the

07:05 - 07:11

segments when finished it'll tuck itself

07:08 - 07:11

into the

07:12 - 07:19

space so what is so strange about this

07:17 - 07:22

animal well those are not your typical

07:19 - 07:26

caterpillar feet and what follows is not

07:22 - 07:26

your typical caterpillar Behavior

07:30 - 07:34

this is a carnivorous

07:33 - 07:37

[Music]

07:34 - 07:40

caterpillar with a vice likee hold and a

07:37 - 07:40

bite to

07:42 - 07:45

[Music]

07:45 - 07:52

match Hawaii's numerous fruit flies were

07:48 - 07:54

just too good an opportunity to

07:52 - 07:57

[Music]

07:54 - 08:00

ignore and the stick like camouflage of

07:57 - 08:04

another kind of meat eating cat pillar

08:00 - 08:04

is just as effective when ambushing

08:08 - 08:11

[Music]

08:13 - 08:18

[Music]

08:15 - 08:19

prey nobody knows what set Hawaii's

08:18 - 08:22

carnivorous caterpillars on this

08:19 - 08:24

extraordinary path but it's the sort of

08:22 - 08:26

quirky Evolution that's common on

08:24 - 08:29

isolated

08:26 - 08:32

Islands almost all animal Cast Away

08:29 - 08:34

would have died of exposure hunger or

08:32 - 08:38

thirst long before reaching French

08:34 - 08:38

Polynesia in the Eastern

08:39 - 08:43

Pacific reaching land here was a matter

08:41 - 08:45

of extraordinary

08:43 - 08:48

[Music]

08:45 - 08:51

luck unlike Fiji there are no bats in

08:48 - 08:54

French Polynesia no frogs and only a

08:51 - 08:55

handful of

08:54 - 08:58

[Music]

08:55 - 09:02

lizards the most successful Travelers

08:58 - 09:04

were the Long Hall Flyers so

09:02 - 09:08

turns incredibly they can stay in the

09:04 - 09:08

air for 4 years without

09:11 - 09:16

[Music]

09:13 - 09:19

Landing but to breed they must return to

09:16 - 09:23

nesting sites on remote islands and when

09:19 - 09:23

they do they introduce new

09:26 - 09:33

life sticky or Barbed seeds fasten onto

09:29 - 09:33

the feathers and hitch rides across

09:39 - 09:46

oceans on some islands 75% of plants

09:43 - 09:46

arrived with the

09:50 - 09:55

birds seeds are even carried in the

09:52 - 09:55

stomachs of

09:56 - 10:01

Sunbirds as if getting a lift wasn't

09:58 - 10:03

enough for these seeds seabirds also

10:01 - 10:06

provide them with something

10:03 - 10:08

else the seafood these birds bring back

10:06 - 10:11

to the islands is turned into nutrient

10:08 - 10:15

Rich guano plant

10:11 - 10:17

[Laughter]

10:15 - 10:21

fertilizer and there's enough of it to

10:17 - 10:27

transform Barren coral atol into fertile

10:21 - 10:31

[Music]

10:27 - 10:33

Groves there is one plant Cast Away that

10:31 - 10:36

needs no help in finding new

10:33 - 10:38

land a plant that has probably done more

10:36 - 10:41

to change the fortunes of Island life

10:38 - 10:44

than any other and one of the greatest

10:41 - 10:47

long-distance Travelers of all

10:44 - 10:47

[Music]

10:49 - 10:57

time the humble coconut

10:54 - 10:57

[Music]

10:59 - 11:03

its seed is a compact survival

11:05 - 11:11

capsule buyant and filled with food for

11:08 - 11:13

germination it can survive for up to 2

11:11 - 11:13

months at

11:14 - 11:21

Sea long enough to float from one remote

11:17 - 11:21

island to the next

11:25 - 11:29

[Applause]

11:35 - 11:40

[Applause]

11:37 - 11:42

on arrival it lays down Roots into bare

11:40 - 11:45

sand and Taps into the reservoirs of

11:42 - 11:45

underground fresh

11:50 - 11:56

water without coconuts most of the

11:54 - 11:58

Tropical Islands in the South Pacific

11:56 - 12:01

would have remained uninhabitable for

11:58 - 12:01

both animals and

12:05 - 12:19

[Music]

12:15 - 12:24

people maybe the same way as fiji's most

12:19 - 12:24

intriguing Castaway of all

12:29 - 12:35

discovered only 30 years ago fiji's

12:32 - 12:38

largest surviving reptile was marooned

12:35 - 12:38

on a handful of its outer

12:40 - 12:46

[Music]

12:43 - 12:48

Islands crested

12:46 - 12:52

iguanas they're one of the toughest and

12:48 - 12:52

most saltwater tolerant lizards

12:55 - 13:02

around in the breeding season males

12:57 - 13:02

nearly a meter long battle it out for a

13:02 - 13:08

mate they begin with a gentle bout of

13:05 - 13:08

competitive head

13:10 - 13:15

bobbing if no one backs down Things

13:13 - 13:18

become more

13:15 - 13:18

[Music]

13:24 - 13:29

animated the loser scrambles for cover

13:34 - 13:40

so where did these large lizards come

13:36 - 13:44

from some speculate Asia over 6,000 km

13:40 - 13:48

to the West others the Americas 8,000

13:44 - 13:50

kmet to the east but how did they end up

13:48 - 13:50

here in

13:51 - 13:56

Fiji one answer is that the iguanas the

13:54 - 14:01

frogs and the millipedes were all

13:56 - 14:01

carried here by powerful Oceanic forces

14:04 - 14:07

[Music]

14:12 - 14:18

every day large waves beat down on Tiny

14:15 - 14:18

Islands across the

14:26 - 14:33

Pacific imposing as they may be

14:29 - 14:33

these have little impact on island

14:37 - 14:40

[Music]

14:41 - 14:47

life but every year much larger waves

14:44 - 14:47

rise out of the

14:53 - 14:59

ocean they're generated by underwater

14:56 - 15:00

landslides and earthquakes

14:59 - 15:04

known as

15:00 - 15:04

tsunamis they can flatten

15:13 - 15:20

coastlines yet these destructive forces

15:16 - 15:20

may have also brought life to some

15:23 - 15:30

islands as tsunamis strike the coast

15:26 - 15:30

rafts of vegetation could be cast a Dr

15:32 - 15:37

perhaps animals were caught up in those

15:35 - 15:40

rafts

15:37 - 15:40

[Applause]

15:43 - 15:49

too could this have been the answer to

15:46 - 15:49

how these animals made it to

15:50 - 15:55

Fiji after all they are the hardiest of

15:52 - 15:58

their kind and could have survived long

15:55 - 15:58

sea Journeys

16:02 - 16:08

fiji's first animals washed up tens of

16:05 - 16:08

millions of years

16:09 - 16:13

ago no matter how remote the Hawaiian

16:11 - 16:16

Islands are or how

16:13 - 16:20

hostile there is one creature that has

16:16 - 16:20

reached almost all of them

16:30 - 16:32

the morning

16:35 - 16:39

gecko it is the ultimate

16:40 - 16:45

Castaway the marathon winner on the long

16:42 - 16:45

journey from New

16:53 - 16:58

Guinea incredibly the female morning

16:55 - 17:00

gecko has done away with the need for a

16:58 - 17:00

mate

17:04 - 17:07

[Music]

17:08 - 17:13

instead she simply produces eggs that

17:11 - 17:13

need no

17:17 - 17:22

fertilization so one single female

17:20 - 17:26

washed up on an island could start a

17:22 - 17:26

whole population

17:30 - 17:34

along with this extraordinary ability

17:32 - 17:37

these thick skinned and salt resistant

17:34 - 17:43

geckos could also survive long sea

17:37 - 17:43

passages on rafts and even the force of

17:47 - 17:54

cyclones but there is more to the gecko

17:50 - 17:54

story than this

17:54 - 17:57

[Music]

18:00 - 18:05

less than 2,000 years ago something

18:02 - 18:09

happened that was to revolutionize the

18:05 - 18:13

spread of plants and

18:09 - 18:13

[Music]

18:15 - 18:21

animals taking to their sailing boats

18:18 - 18:24

once more descendants of the leita left

18:21 - 18:25

the Central Pacific and set off again in

18:24 - 18:30

search of new

18:25 - 18:30

lands into the great unknown

18:33 - 18:39

as Pioneers they took everything they

18:35 - 18:43

would need to start their lives AR fresh

18:39 - 18:43

livestock plants for

18:44 - 18:49

[Music]

18:47 - 18:56

cultivation even the

18:49 - 18:58

[Music]

18:56 - 19:01

coconut but they would also have taken a

18:58 - 19:04

long list of

19:01 - 19:08

[Music]

19:04 - 19:08

stowaways like the morning

19:09 - 19:15

gecko this lizard was just one Castaway

19:13 - 19:19

which no longer had to rely on its

19:15 - 19:23

stamina and luck to reach new

19:19 - 19:30

lands it could now hitch a free ride

19:23 - 19:30

[Music]

19:31 - 19:36

in a series of Epic voyages the

19:33 - 19:39

descendants of the Lapita the people we

19:36 - 19:41

now call the Polynesians succeeded in

19:39 - 19:44

colonizing the Far Corners of the South

19:41 - 19:49

Pacific from Hawaii to New Zealand even

19:44 - 19:51

to Easter Island over 11,000 km east of

19:49 - 19:55

New

19:51 - 19:58

Guinea in doing so animal Castaways now

19:55 - 19:59

reached new islands at a rate never seen

19:58 - 20:04

before

19:59 - 20:07

changing the nature of the South Pacific

20:04 - 20:07

[Music]

20:09 - 20:12

[Music]

20:13 - 20:17

forever each sea lion needs over 6 kg of

20:17 - 20:20

fish a

20:17 - 20:23

[Music]

20:20 - 20:24

day with shs this size it shouldn't be

20:23 - 20:26

too

20:24 - 20:29

[Music]

20:26 - 20:29

difficult but it's not easy pick one

20:29 - 20:37

fish out of the

20:29 - 20:37

[Music]

20:41 - 20:44

[Music]

20:45 - 20:50

crowd the fish know there's safety in

20:47 - 20:52

numbers so for the sea lions the trick

20:50 - 20:55

is to snip the sh into smaller and

20:52 - 20:55

smaller balls

20:55 - 20:57

[Music]

20:55 - 21:02

[Applause]

20:57 - 21:02

[Music]

21:05 - 21:09

finally a fish breaks for cover it's

21:07 - 21:12

what the sea lines have been waiting

21:09 - 21:15

for crevices in The Reef might seem to

21:12 - 21:17

offer shelter but that's no problem for

21:15 - 21:19

the sea lines who simply scare them out

21:17 - 21:19

with

21:20 - 21:25

[Music]

21:26 - 21:32

bubbles with the sea lines distract Ed

21:29 - 21:35

the fish regroup and the chase starts

21:32 - 21:35

all over again

21:38 - 21:52

[Music]

21:49 - 21:52

[Applause]

21:54 - 21:59

[Music]

22:02 - 22:05

[Music]

22:10 - 22:15

[Music]

22:12 - 22:18

a pod of 12 bull sperm whales has become

22:15 - 22:18

fatally

22:18 - 22:24

stranded was this stranding caused by

22:21 - 22:27

one whale making a navigational error no

22:24 - 22:31

one knows but with social bonds so

22:27 - 22:31

strong the other whales can't help but

22:35 - 22:38

[Music]

22:44 - 22:52

[Music]

22:52 - 22:58

follow one whale is still alive but

22:56 - 23:01

without sufficient water to support his

22:58 - 23:02

incredible bulk his internal organs will

23:01 - 23:05

be

23:02 - 23:07

crushed left like this he will die

23:05 - 23:07

within

23:11 - 23:18

days thankfully our attitude to sperm

23:14 - 23:20

whales has changed from exploitation to

23:18 - 23:23

conservation so a rescue team tries to

23:20 - 23:26

dislodge him with waves from the bow of

23:23 - 23:26

their boat

23:27 - 23:37

[Music]

23:40 - 23:43

but he's held

23:45 - 23:51

fast his sunburnt skin quickly blisters

24:04 - 24:08

the only option left is to use

24:22 - 24:29

[Music]

24:25 - 24:32

next at last he's free

24:29 - 24:32

[Music]

24:34 - 24:39

badly weakened he chaperoned towards the

24:36 - 24:39

harbor

24:39 - 24:45

entrance but he's not out of trouble

24:42 - 24:49

yet first he must negotiate the rocky

24:45 - 24:49

heads of the Bay

25:09 - 25:18

Pro his sensitive skin never designed to

25:12 - 25:18

touch rock is badly lacerated

25:24 - 25:30

[Music]

25:29 - 25:33

he's

25:30 - 25:35

through and back into the safety of the

25:33 - 25:38

Endless

25:35 - 25:40

blue these seven-month-old black-footed

25:38 - 25:43

Albatross chicks have recently been

25:40 - 25:45

abandoned by their parents and now

25:43 - 25:47

driven by hunger it's their time to get

25:45 - 26:00

airborne

25:47 - 26:00

[Music]

26:00 - 26:05

unfortunately with space at a premium

26:03 - 26:07

there is little room for maneuver and

26:05 - 26:08

they must make their Maiden flights over

26:07 - 26:14

water

26:08 - 26:14

[Music]

26:18 - 26:31

[Music]

26:32 - 26:36

but this is no place for a

26:44 - 26:47

paddle tiger

26:50 - 26:56

sharks a dozen sharks each over 3 m long

26:54 - 27:00

have crossed hundreds of kilometers of

26:56 - 27:00

open ocean to attend this annual

27:08 - 27:13

Feast uncannily these fearsome Predators

27:12 - 27:18

often arrive on the same day as the

27:13 - 27:18

first chicks take to the air

27:31 - 27:34

[Music]

27:57 - 28:02

nothing could have prepared these chicks

27:59 - 28:02

for such an

28:08 - 28:12

encounter yet despite looking like

28:10 - 28:15

sitting

28:12 - 28:19

ducks inexperienced sharks find them

28:15 - 28:19

hard to sink their teeth into

28:32 - 28:37

in an ocean where food is so hard to

28:34 - 28:40

come by the Sharks can't afford to keep

28:37 - 28:43

missing they must quickly perfect their

28:40 - 28:43

technique

28:51 - 28:54

[Music]

29:03 - 29:06

n

29:19 - 29:22

[Music]

29:34 - 29:47

[Music]

29:47 - 29:52

for these Albatross chicks running the

29:50 - 29:54

gauntlet of sharks may seem an

29:52 - 29:57

impossible challenge but the vast

29:54 - 30:00

majority make it to a life in the open

29:57 - 30:00

ocean

30:01 - 30:09

[Music]

30:15 - 30:20

the long tenacious roots of the oia W

30:18 - 30:23

their way through the cracks and

30:20 - 30:27

penetrate deep into the Rock in search

30:23 - 30:27

of Trapped water and nutrients

30:28 - 30:34

their Quest leads them to a remarkable

30:31 - 30:34

Subterranean

30:42 - 30:47

World once a raging torrent of lava

30:45 - 30:52

flowed right through

30:47 - 30:57

here when it stopped this was all that

30:52 - 30:57

remained a lava tube

30:59 - 31:04

[Music]

31:00 - 31:07

pitch black constantly

31:04 - 31:07

damp and very

31:09 - 31:19

cold can anything survive in this harsh

31:14 - 31:21

World amazingly yes patches of bacteria

31:19 - 31:24

line the walls feeding on the minerals

31:21 - 31:24

in the volcanic rock

31:26 - 31:30

itself but that's not

31:42 - 31:47

all this is the small-eyed big-eyed

31:45 - 31:51

hunting

31:47 - 31:54

spider a curious name for any spider let

31:51 - 31:57

alone one whose eyes barely

31:54 - 31:59

function but in total darkness eyes are

31:57 - 31:59

little use

32:08 - 32:13

although he can't see it the spider has

32:17 - 32:23

company rare crickets scale the rocks

32:32 - 32:37

while translucent earwigs and milky

32:35 - 32:41

millipedes forage for

32:37 - 32:43

food these are cave Specialists or

32:41 - 32:47

troglobites and they never leave the

32:43 - 32:48

lava tube over time most have lost their

32:47 - 32:52

eyes and

32:48 - 32:56

color like this plant

32:52 - 32:58

Hopper its tail has a curious

32:56 - 33:00

function any Predator biting it from

32:58 - 33:04

behind will be left with nothing but a

33:00 - 33:04

mouthful of irritating waxy

33:09 - 33:15

hair this is a place of ghostly

33:13 - 33:18

Stillness a definite Advantage for the

33:15 - 33:20

small-eyed big-eyed hunting

33:18 - 33:22

spider with its super sensitive leg

33:20 - 33:26

hairs it can pick up the slightest

33:22 - 33:26

movement in the air

33:27 - 33:34

and it senses the cricket's presence

33:30 - 33:34

long before it's close enough to

33:41 - 33:48

Ambush as prey are few and far between

33:44 - 33:51

this may be its last meal for some

33:48 - 33:55

time with no light and little

33:51 - 33:58

vegetation only the Specialists survive

33:55 - 34:00

here but that isn't the case for all

33:58 - 34:03

Lava

34:00 - 34:07

Tubes southeast of Hawaii straddling the

34:03 - 34:07

equator lie the

34:07 - 34:18

[Music]

34:13 - 34:18

gapusan here are still very active

34:25 - 34:36

[Music]

34:33 - 34:39

the coastline of Isabella the largest

34:36 - 34:42

island is covered in volcanic

34:39 - 34:46

rock here a very different kind of

34:42 - 34:46

animal can be found in the Rocky

34:50 - 34:55

tubes the chicks of galapagus:

34:59 - 35:06

without the lava tubes they wouldn't

35:02 - 35:08

survive cool and sheltered the tubes are

35:06 - 35:12

the perfect Nursery protecting the

35:08 - 35:12

chicks from the unforgiving temperatures

35:15 - 35:21

outside unforgiving if you're a penguin

35:18 - 35:21

that

35:22 - 35:27

is adult galapagus:

35:30 - 35:34

do they take a

35:41 - 35:47

[Music]

35:43 - 35:48

dip the adults plunge into Cool Waters

35:47 - 35:51

that have traveled all the way from the

35:48 - 35:51

Antarctic

35:54 - 36:03

[Music]

35:58 - 36:03

who says Penguins can't fly

36:07 - 36:27

[Music]

36:28 - 36:32

there's lots of food here as schools of

36:31 - 36:35

fish are drawn to the shelter of these

36:32 - 36:51

Rocky volcanic

36:35 - 36:51

[Music]

36:54 - 37:00

[Music]

36:56 - 37:04

Shores but while the parents are out

37:00 - 37:04

fishing their chicks are home

37:06 - 37:13

alone back in the lava tube there's

37:09 - 37:13

something creeping

37:17 - 37:23

around a Sally Lightfoot crap has

37:20 - 37:32

Penguin on its mind

37:23 - 37:32

[Music]

37:33 - 37:39

it's dark so the crab can't be sure

37:35 - 37:39

exactly what it's up

37:40 - 37:43

[Music]

37:52 - 37:58

against this time it's taken on more

37:54 - 37:58

than it can handle

37:59 - 38:03

had the encounter been just a few days

38:01 - 38:06

earlier the outcome might have been very

38:03 - 38:09

different crabs are major predators of

38:06 - 38:09

baby

38:15 - 38:22

penguins in the shallow Waters around an

38:18 - 38:23

Island's base coral reefs rise towards

38:22 - 38:32

the surface

38:23 - 38:34

[Music]

38:32 - 38:39

of all the formations in the Pacific

38:34 - 38:39

these reefs are by far the richest in

38:40 - 38:44

[Music]

38:41 - 38:45

life there are hundreds of different

38:44 - 38:48

kinds of

38:45 - 38:52

coral and all are made up of millions of

38:48 - 38:55

tiny creatures called polyps each

38:52 - 38:55

covered in a hard

38:56 - 39:02

skeleton reefs are home to thousands of

38:59 - 39:06

Specialists like these razor fish that

39:02 - 39:06

blend into the stag horn coral around

39:10 - 39:15

them but not all animals here need to

39:13 - 39:15

blend

39:19 - 39:24

in Gray Reef shars

39:27 - 39:34

the Reef's top predators these sharks

39:30 - 39:34

Patrol the waters on strong

39:38 - 39:44

currents but without all the life on the

39:41 - 39:47

reef here they could never exist in such

39:44 - 39:47

numbers

39:48 - 39:56

[Music]

39:57 - 40:03

they may be idle right now but they

40:00 - 40:03

won't remain this way for

40:15 - 40:22

long as night

40:17 - 40:22

falls it's feeding time

40:40 - 40:44

needlefish stalk the coral shallows in

40:42 - 40:47

search of

40:44 - 40:51

food Predators by day at night they

40:47 - 40:51

become the prey

41:01 - 41:06

speeding away at 30 km an hour the

41:04 - 41:08

needlefish give the chasing sharks are

41:06 - 41:11

run for their

41:08 - 41:14

money but it's hard to escape from so

41:11 - 41:14

many

41:40 - 41:44

[Music]

41:45 - 41:51

New Guinea is a vast Island nestled

41:48 - 41:54

close to the Continental land mass of

41:51 - 41:56

Australia as we move South and East to

41:54 - 41:59

smaller more distant Islands the

41:56 - 42:02

wildlife becomes becomes even more

41:59 - 42:05

unusual the little known island of new

42:02 - 42:07

calonia is a small sliver of Australia

42:05 - 42:09

that was cast a drift over 60 million

42:07 - 42:09

years

42:14 - 42:20

ago it's home to a creature that seems

42:16 - 42:20

to have evolved quite

42:23 - 42:29

strangely it has wings but it can't fly

42:36 - 42:40

it is the kagu

42:59 - 43:04

kagu families stick together with young

43:02 - 43:05

from previous years helping to declare

43:04 - 43:10

the family

43:05 - 43:15

[Laughter]

43:10 - 43:15

territory all intruders are chased

43:25 - 43:31

away it's the the breeding season when

43:28 - 43:34

males rekindle the flame with their

43:31 - 43:34

lifelong partners

43:36 - 44:04

[Music]

44:02 - 44:09

it's hard to know what the kagu is

44:04 - 44:12

related to a heron a rail or maybe a

44:09 - 44:17

pigeon its closest relative may actually

44:12 - 44:18

be the sunbit of South America 11,000 km

44:17 - 44:38

to the east

44:18 - 44:42

[Music]

44:38 - 44:45

she may not seem too impressed but then

44:42 - 44:47

kagu always keep their feet very firmly

44:45 - 44:51

on the ground in these forests lives a

44:47 - 44:54

bird that is about as unb birdlike as it

44:51 - 44:57

is possible for a bird to be

44:54 - 44:57

[Music]

44:58 - 45:02

it's nocturnal though it sometimes wakes

45:01 - 45:06

up Before

45:02 - 45:09

[Music]

45:06 - 45:11

Sunset it has whiskers so it can feel

45:09 - 45:16

its way in the

45:11 - 45:19

[Music]

45:16 - 45:22

dark it's a parrot and weighing up to 4

45:19 - 45:29

kilos it's the world's heaviest

45:22 - 45:32

[Music]

45:29 - 45:35

and yes you've guessed it it can't

45:32 - 45:38

[Music]

45:35 - 45:47

fly meet the

45:38 - 45:50

[Music]

45:47 - 45:55

kakao too heavy and short winged to get

45:50 - 45:55

airborne it climbs trees instead

45:59 - 46:03

[Music]

46:05 - 46:09

kakapo were once one of the most

46:07 - 46:12

successful and abundant herbivores in

46:09 - 46:15

New Zealand the Kiwi equivalent of our

46:12 - 46:17

rabbit in 1899 Explorer Charlie Douglas

46:15 - 46:20

wrote they could be caught in the

46:17 - 46:22

Moonlight by simply shaking the tree or

46:20 - 46:24

bush until they tumbled to the ground

46:22 - 46:40

like shaking down apples

46:24 - 46:40

[Music]

46:40 - 46:47

its favorite food is up above the tiny

46:43 - 46:49

seeds of the remu tree this fruit fuels

46:47 - 46:52

kakapo reproduction and they only breed

46:49 - 46:57

when the trees produce a bumper crop so

46:52 - 46:57

about once every 4 years

46:58 - 47:04

kakapo breeds slower than any other bird

47:01 - 47:07

but they also live longer sometimes more

47:04 - 47:07

than a 100

47:11 - 47:19

years the M's song is as peculiar as the

47:14 - 47:22

bird itself more frog than parrot it can

47:19 - 47:25

be heard up to 5 kilometers

47:22 - 47:27

away in a breeding season he will boom

47:25 - 47:30

nonstop for 8 hours every every night

47:27 - 47:30

for up to 3

47:32 - 47:37

months but a female will only respond if

47:35 - 47:39

there are plenty of remu seeds

47:37 - 47:42

[Music]

47:39 - 47:44

about so while these birds May nest in

47:42 - 47:46

Burrows like rabbits Unfortunately they

47:44 - 47:49

don't breed like them and their numbers

47:46 - 47:49

have dwindled

47:51 - 47:57

dramatically today fewer than a 100

47:53 - 48:00

Kakao survive this is Steven's Island

47:57 - 48:01

2 and A2 Square km of rock protruding

48:00 - 48:04

from the

48:01 - 48:07

ocean it's home to a living fossil A

48:04 - 48:10

Relic barely changed for over 100

48:07 - 48:10

million

48:13 - 48:16

years the

48:17 - 48:23

chuara and half the world's population

48:19 - 48:26

survive on this one Island

48:23 - 48:30

Refuge during the reign of the Dinosaurs

48:26 - 48:32

the ancestors of the chuara were

48:30 - 48:35

everywhere they survived the cataclysm

48:32 - 48:37

that killed off the dinosaurs but then

48:35 - 48:41

couldn't compete with the mammals and

48:37 - 48:43

died out everywhere except on what was

48:41 - 48:46

then a mammal free New

48:43 - 48:46

[Music]

48:50 - 48:58

Zealand unlike mammals toara live life

48:55 - 48:58

in the slow lane

49:00 - 49:09

days can pass when they barely move a

49:03 - 49:12

[Music]

49:09 - 49:13

muscle sometimes taking just one breath

49:12 - 49:17

an

49:13 - 49:17

[Music]

49:22 - 49:28

hour they feed on wers Beatles and and

49:26 - 49:31

other

49:28 - 49:33

invertebrates but don't appear very good

49:31 - 49:33

at catching

49:36 - 49:41

them even after millions of years of

49:38 - 49:44

practice ey mouth coordination is not

49:41 - 49:44

what it could

49:46 - 49:53

be survival of the fittest just doesn't

49:49 - 49:53

seem to apply here

49:58 - 50:05

the chuara survival first on New Zealand

50:01 - 50:08

now on Stevens Island proves a point

50:05 - 50:11

islands are pretty safe places to be at

50:08 - 50:11

least until

50:12 - 50:17

invaded fortunately for the Stevens

50:14 - 50:20

Island chuara it did survive a brief

50:17 - 50:22

mammal Invasion but for some of the

50:20 - 50:26

other Wildlife here the invasion was

50:22 - 50:26

rather more catastrophic

50:27 - 50:31

in Fiji biologists are working with

50:29 - 50:34

fishermen to bring the fish back by

50:31 - 50:36

replanting the

50:34 - 50:39

reefs this is a coral

50:36 - 50:41

Nursery but with wild corals already

50:39 - 50:44

struggling where have these Coral

50:41 - 50:44

seedlings come

50:45 - 50:50

from the coral gardeners monitor The

50:48 - 50:53

Reef looking for corals that need a

50:50 - 50:53

helping hand

50:58 - 51:04

despite all this real estate many corals

51:01 - 51:07

end up clustered together crowded out

51:04 - 51:09

they will eventually die so the

51:07 - 51:11

gardeners uproot them creating more

51:09 - 51:14

space for some and giving the uprooted

51:11 - 51:14

ones a fresh

51:16 - 51:21

start each Coral Head is broken down

51:19 - 51:26

into a dozen or more fingers and each of

51:21 - 51:26

these is tied onto a concrete disc

51:28 - 51:33

as every Gardener knows vigorous growth

51:31 - 51:36

requires sunlight plenty of nutrients

51:33 - 51:39

and the right temperature so the coral

51:36 - 51:39

gardeners choose just the

51:41 - 51:46

[Music]

51:48 - 51:54

spot within 6 months the corals are

51:51 - 52:15

branching out

51:54 - 52:15

[Music]

52:18 - 52:39

[Music]

52:36 - 52:41

they're spaced out onto adjacent tables

52:39 - 52:44

and a year or two after planting they're

52:41 - 52:44

ready for

52:47 - 52:53

harvesting the coral heads are broken

52:50 - 52:56

down once more in the space of 2 years a

52:53 - 52:59

single finger of coral has multiplied

52:56 - 52:59

into 50 or

53:00 - 53:06

more some of these will be replanted on

53:03 - 53:09

Fresh discs While others will be

53:06 - 53:09

returned to the

53:10 - 53:16

reef if replicated Coral gardening could

53:13 - 53:19

help restore reefs throughout the

53:16 - 53:21

Pacific but its biggest success may be

53:19 - 53:24

in sewing the seeds of conservation in

53:21 - 53:24

the local fishermen

53:30 - 53:35

within days these cuttings will have

53:32 - 53:37

stuck themselves to The Reef while reefs

53:35 - 53:40

that were replanted a year ago are

53:37 - 53:42

already starting to

53:40 - 53:46

bloom in a few more years this area

53:42 - 53:46

should be a wash with

53:47 - 53:53

fish the antip podan or wandering

53:50 - 53:55

Albatross is found in the waters around

53:53 - 53:59

New Zealand home to the most diverse

53:55 - 53:59

seabird community in the

54:03 - 54:08

world these are rich fishing grounds for

54:06 - 54:08

fishermen

54:15 - 54:22

too the birds know that where there are

54:18 - 54:25

fishermen a free lunch is sure to

54:22 - 54:28

follow so how does this get them into

54:25 - 54:31

trouble with a wingspan over 3 m an

54:28 - 54:33

albatross is built to sore thousands of

54:31 - 54:34

kilometers across the ocean in its quest

54:33 - 54:37

for

54:34 - 54:37

[Applause]

54:38 - 54:44

food as it might go for days with

54:40 - 54:44

nothing it can't afford to be

54:46 - 54:52

choosy anything near the surface is

54:48 - 54:52

snapped up

54:55 - 54:58

[Applause]

55:05 - 55:12

unfortunately not everything a fisherman

55:08 - 55:12

casts overboard is a healthy

55:12 - 55:18

meal far out at Sea a Longline fishing

55:16 - 55:21

vessel is setting its

55:18 - 55:23

line it's Longline vessels in particular

55:21 - 55:26

that have been held responsible for the

55:23 - 55:29

decline of the albatross

55:26 - 55:29

[Music]

55:30 - 55:36

the fishermen pay out a line 50 km long

55:33 - 55:38

across the surface of the ocean and

55:36 - 55:43

every few meters they attach a secondary

55:38 - 55:43

line with a hook baited with a fish or

55:43 - 55:49

squid every night this vessel casts over

55:46 - 55:52

a thousand hooks overboard and it is

55:49 - 55:58

just one of many long liners plying the

55:52 - 55:58

Pacific some with lines over 100 km long

55:58 - 56:02

but this fisherman is well aware of the

56:00 - 56:04

threat to the seabirds and to prevent

56:02 - 56:08

them from swallowing his hooks he has

56:04 - 56:08

adopted bird friendly fishing

56:08 - 56:14

methods it's why he sets his lines at

56:11 - 56:18

night when the albatross are

56:14 - 56:19

sleeping and he deploys Tory lines these

56:18 - 56:21

simple streamers are remarkably

56:19 - 56:24

effective at scaring birds away from the

56:21 - 56:24

hooks

56:28 - 56:35

he also thows out his bait before

56:31 - 56:35

hooking it so it sinks out of sight

56:37 - 56:42

quickly his bird catch is now virtually

56:45 - 56:51

zero in Bengal Lagoon in Fiji the local

56:49 - 56:56

people are proving that sharks can be

56:51 - 56:56

more valuable alive than dead

56:59 - 57:04

tourists will pay good money for an

57:01 - 57:08

encounter with real live

57:04 - 57:09

shars this is a community-owned reef and

57:08 - 57:12

some of the money goes to the local

57:09 - 57:15

Villages a big incentive not to kill the

57:12 - 57:15

main

57:15 - 57:21

attraction fans have long had an

57:18 - 57:23

affinity with sharks their ancestors

57:21 - 57:26

worshiped a shark God who they believe

57:23 - 57:29

kept them safe from harm

57:26 - 57:31

they would feed sharks not hunt them and

57:29 - 57:34

these divers continue the

57:31 - 57:37

tradition first To The Feast are tny

57:34 - 57:41

nurse

57:37 - 57:41

sharks but these sharks are

57:41 - 57:46

scavengers it's the big predators the

57:44 - 57:49

tourists want to

57:46 - 57:49

[Music]

57:52 - 57:58

see bull sharks growing up to 3 and 1/2

57:56 - 58:03

M long these sharks are one of the

57:58 - 58:15

ocean's top predators with an aggressive

58:03 - 58:15

[Music]

58:19 - 58:23

reputation the chief shark feeder is

58:22 - 58:24

from a village where the shark God is

58:23 - 58:27

still

58:24 - 58:31

worshiped so he has no

58:27 - 58:31

[Music]

58:34 - 58:38

fear a bowl of shark Fin's soup can sell

58:37 - 58:41

for over

58:38 - 58:44

$100 but here each tourist pays that to

58:41 - 58:46

see these sharks alive and Dives take

58:44 - 58:50

place several times each

58:46 - 58:53

[Music]

58:50 - 58:58

week to protect the Sharks this Reef has

58:53 - 58:58

now been declared a Marine reserve

58:58 - 59:02

with the added bonus that other fish are

59:01 - 59:12

protected

59:02 - 59:15

[Music]

59:12 - 59:18

too before the reserve was established

59:15 - 59:22

this Reef had been fished

59:18 - 59:25

out even a single giant travali of this

59:22 - 59:27

size was a rarity

59:25 - 59:31

[Music]

59:27 - 59:34

today the divers are in for a special

59:31 - 59:34

[Music]

59:37 - 59:40

[Music]

59:51 - 59:59

[Music]

59:54 - 59:59

treat a f 5 m tiger

59:59 - 60:11

[Music]

60:19 - 60:27

shark the dive leaders have named her

60:22 - 60:27

Scarface she turns up once a month or so

60:44 - 60:48

she's inquisitive but not

60:54 - 60:58

aggressive for

Exploring Animal Castaways in the South Pacific

In the remote islands of the South Pacific, a unique collection of animal castaways thrives, each with its own remarkable story of survival and adaptation. From the monstrous robber crabs of Vanuatu to the carnivorous caterpillars of Hawaii, these creatures have evolved in splendid isolation, shaping the biodiversity of their island homes.

Castaway Creatures: The Robber Crabs

In Vanuatu, the robber crab reigns as the largest terrestrial invertebrate on Earth, a colossal hermit crab resembling a hermit on steroids. These massive crabs, also known as coconut crabs, with the strength to crack coconuts, have found their niche on undisturbed islands, where they rule the land with almost no competition, thanks to their gigantic size and predatory prowess.

Extraordinary Evolution in Isolation

Traveling to Hawaii, we encounter peculiar fruit flies, displaying intricate courtship rituals that rival birds of paradise. These insects have evolved into unique species with quirky behaviors, showcasing the wonders of evolution on isolated islands.

Curious Creatures of the Night

In the darkness of Hawaiian forests, carnivorous caterpillars lurk, with a bite to match their ferocity. These unusual predators have taken an extraordinary evolutionary path, demonstrating the bizarre adaptations that emerge in isolation.

Island Hoppers and Ocean Navigators

Journeying further, we discover how animals reached these isolated islands through extraordinary means. From the geckos and plants that sailed across the ocean currents to the ingenious dispersal of seeds by seabirds, these animal castaways illustrate the resilience and resourcefulness required to colonize these remote lands.

The Role of Humanity in Conservation

As we delve into modern conservation efforts, we witness how local communities in Fiji and New Zealand are safeguarding their marine ecosystems. Through sustainable practices and marine reserves, they are ensuring the survival of iconic species like sharks, fostering a harmonious relationship between humans and the natural world.

A Symphony of Survival

In the South Pacific, each island tells a tale of resilience and adaptation, where castaway creatures have thrived against all odds. From the slow-moving tuatara of New Zealand to the wingless wonders of New Caledonia, these animals embody the spirit of endurance and evolution in some of the world's most captivating landscapes.

In the vast expanse of the South Pacific, where the ocean meets the sky, these animal castaways continue to fascinate and inspire, their stories echoing through the ages as testaments to the extraordinary diversity and beauty of our natural world.